The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution

© 2020 Springer-Verlag. The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00689-4.Star clusters form in dense, hierarchically collapsing gas clouds. Bulk kinetic energy is transformed to turbulence with stars forming from cores fed by filaments. In the most compact regions, stellar feedback is least effective in removing the gas and stars may form very efficiently. These are also the regions where, in high-mass clusters, ejecta from some kind of high-mass stars are effectively captured during the formation phase of some of the low mass stars and effectively channeled into the latter to form multiple populations. Star formation epochs in star clusters are generally set by gas flows that determine the abundance of gas in the cluster. We argue that there is likely only one star formation epoch after which clusters remain essentially clear of gas by cluster winds. Collisional dynamics is important in this phase leading to core collapse, expansion and eventual dispersion of every cluster. We review recent developments in the field with a focus on theoretical work.Peer reviewe

Monitoring Growth [acompanhamento Do Crescimento]

Objective: To present concepts related to growth assessment, with emphasis on aspects concerning the evaluation of individuals. Sources of data: The present paper is based on reports published by the WHO regarding the use anthropometry for the assessment of nutritional status; on original articles; and on book chapters about the same topic, as well as on the criticisms of auxologists of this type of assessment when employed at the individual level. Summary of the findings: Concepts concerning reference, skeletal maturity, mid-parental target height, z score, short stature, growth rate, body mass index, and their assumptions and limitations are presented. Conclusions: The assessment of the nutritional status of a population is based on cut-off points, taking into consideration that whoever is below or above that point presents a nutritional problem. Clinical evaluation is based on the idea of variability, which can be both biological and social, and on the idea that it is the clinician's task to establish whether a child within or outside given parameters presents normal growth and nutritional status. When monitoring the growth of a child or adolescent, the most important parameter to be considered is growth rate.79SUPPL. 1S23S32Tanner, J.M., (1981) A History of the Study of Human Growth, , London: Cambridge University Press(1978) A Growth Chart for International Use in Maternal and Child Health Care, , World Health Organization, GenevaMeasuring change in nutritional status (1983) Guidelines for Assessing the Nutritional Impact of Supplementary Feeding Programmes for Vulnerable Groups, , GenevaUse and interpretation of anthropometric indicators of nutritional status (1986) Bull WHO, 64, pp. 929-941(1995) Physical StatusThe Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee, , Who Technical Report Series, No 854Falkner, F., Tanner, J.M., (1986) Human Growth, Vol. 3. 2a Ed., 3. , New York: PlenumCameron, N., The use and abuse of growth charts (1999) Human Growth in Context, pp. 65-74. , Johnston FE, Zemel B, Eveleth PB, editores. London: Smith-GordonCole, T.J., The use and construction of anthropometric growth reference standards (1993) Nutr Res Rev, 6, pp. 19-50Morley, D., (1973) Paediatric Priorities in the Developing World, , London: Butterworths & CoMorley, D., Woodland, M., (1979) See How They Grow: Monitoring Child Growth for Appropriate Health Care in Developing Countries, , London: Macmillan Education LtdGómez, F., Desnutrición (1946) Bol Med Hosp Infant, 3, pp. 543-551Seoane, N., Lathan, M.C., Nutritional anthropometry in the identification of malnutrition in childhood (1971) Env Child Health, 17, pp. 99-104Waterlow, J.C., Classification and definition of protein-caloric malnutrition (1972) BMJ, 3, pp. 566-569Habicht, J.P., Martorell, R., Yarbrough, C., Malina, R.M., Klein, R.E., Height and weight standards for preschool children. How relevant are ethnic differences in growth potential? (1974) Lancet, 1, pp. 611-614Waterlow, J.C., Buzina, R., Keller, W., Lane, J.M., Nichaman, M.Z., Tanner, J.M., The presentation and use of height and weight data for comparing the nutritional status of groups of children under the age of 10 years (1977) Bull Who, 55, pp. 489-498(1998) Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation on Obesity, , World Health Organization: GenevaHamill, P.V.V., Drizd, T.A., Johnson, C.L., Reed, R.B., Roche, A.F., Moore, W.M., Physical growth: National Center for Health Statistics percentiles (1979) Am J Clin Nutr, 32, pp. 607-629Marques, R.M., Marcondes, E., Berquó, E.S., Prandi, R., Yunes, J., (1982) Crescimento e Desenvolvimento Pubertário em Crianças e Adolescentes Brasileiros: II - Altura e Peso, , São Paulo: Editora Brasileira de Ciência LtdaMarcondes, E., (1999) Pediatria Básica. 2a Ed., , São Paulo: SarvierTanner, J.M., Whitehouse, R.H., Takahishi, M., Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British Children, 1965. I (1965) Arch Dis Child, 41, pp. 454-471Tanner, J.M., Whitehouse, R.H., Takahishi, M., Standards from birth to maturity for height, weight, height velocity, and weight velocity: British Children, 1965. II (1965) Arch Dis Child, 41, pp. 613-635Tanner, J.M., Whitehouse, R.H., Clinical longitudinal standards for height, weight, height velocity, weight velocity, and stages of puberty (1976) Arch Dis Child, 51, pp. 170-179Kuczmarski, R.J., Ogden, C.L., Grummer-Strawn, L.M., Flegal, K.M., Guo, S.S., Wei, R., CDC growth charts: United States (2000) Adv Data, 8, pp. 1-27Freeman, J.V., Cole, T.J., Chinn, S., Jones, P.R.M., White, E.M., Preece, M.A., Cross sectional stature and weight reference curves for the UK, 1990 (1990) Arch Dis Child, 73, pp. 17-24Tanner, J.M., Growth as a measure of the nutritional and hygienic status of a population (1992) Horm Res, 38 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 106-115Cole, T.J., Some questions about how growth standards are used (1996) Horm Res, 45, pp. 18-23Tanner, J.M., The use and abuse of growth standards (1986) Human Growth, Vol. 3. 2a Ed., 3, pp. 95-112. , Falkner F, Tanner JM, editores. New York: PlenumGreulich, W.W., Pyle, S.I., (1959) Radiographic Atlas of Skeletal Development of Hand and Wrist. 2a Ed., , Stanford: Stanford University PressTanner, J.M., Whitehouse, R.H., Cameron, N., Marshall, W.A., Healy, M.J.R., Goldstein, H., (1983) Assessment of Skeletal Maturity and Prediction of Adult Height. 2a Ed., , London: Academic PressCastilho, S.D., Barros, F.A.A., Crescimento pós menarca (2000) Arq Bras Endocr Metabol, 44, pp. 195-204Tanner, J.M., (1962) Growth at Adolescence. 2a Ed., , Oxford: Blackwell Scientific PublicationsLacey, K.A., Parkin, J.M., The normal short child: Community study of children in Newcastle upon Tyne (1974) Arch of Dis Child, 49, pp. 417-424Rappaport, R., Tratamentos dos atrasos do crescimento (1985) Baixa Estatura. Anais Nestlé, 41, pp. 17-32Tanner, J.M., Métodos auxológicos no diagnóstico diferencial da baixa estatura (1985) Baixa Estatura, Anais Nestlé, 41, pp. 1-16LaFranchi, S., Hanna, C.E., Mandel, S.H., Constitutional delay of growth: Expected versus final adult height (1991) Pediatrics, 87, pp. 82-87Wilton, P., Wallström, A., An overview of the diagnoses in the Kabi Pharmacia International Growth Study (1991) Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 379, pp. 93-98Cowell, C.T., Short stature (1995) Clinical Paediatric Endocrinology, pp. 137-172. , Brook CDG, editor. Oxford: Blackwell Science LtdFox, L.A., Zeller, W.P., Evaluation of short stature (1995) Comprehensive Therapy, 21, pp. 115-121Rekers-Mombarg, L.T.M., Cole, T.J., Massa, G.G., Wit, J.M., Longitudinal analysis of growth in children with idiopathic short stature (1997) Ann Hum Biol, 24, pp. 569-583Moore, K.C., Donaldson, D.L., Ideus, P.L., Gifford, R.A., Moore, W.V., Clinical diagnoses of children with extremely short stature and their response to growth hormone (1993) J Pediatr, 122, pp. 687-692Maes, M., Underwood, L.E., Growth failure in chronic disease: Pathophysiology and treatment (1997) Int Semin Paediatr Gastroent Nutr, 6, pp. 3-7Ebbeling, C.B., Pawlk, D.B., Ludwig, D.S., Childhood obesity: Publichealth crisis, common sense cure (2002) Lancet, 360, pp. 473-482Popkin, B., An overview on the nutrition transition and its health implications: The Bellagio meeting (2002) Publ Health Nutr, 5, pp. 93-103Must, A., Dallal, G.E., Dietz, W.H., Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (w/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness (1991) Am J Clin Nutr, 53, pp. 839-846Cole, T.J., Bellizzi, M.C., Flegal, K.M., Dietz, W.H., Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: International survey (2000) BMJ, 320, pp. 1-6Reilly, J.J., Assessment of childhood obesity: National reference data or international approach? (2002) Obes Res, 10, pp. 838-840Kramer, M.S., McLean, F.H., Olivier, M., Willis, D.M., Usher, R., Body proportionality and head and length 'sparing' in growth-retarded neonates: A critical reappraisal (1989) Pediatrics, 84, pp. 717-723Martorell, R., Ramakrishnan, U., Schroeder, D.G., Melgar, P., Neufeld, L., Intrauterine growth retardation, body size, body composition and physical performance in adolescence (1998) Eur J Clin Nutr, 52 (SUPPL. 1), pp. 43-53Gallo, P.R., Amigo, H., Leone, C., Factores de riesgo em el retardo de crecimiento em niños de bajo nível sócio-económico (2000) Arch Latinoam Nutr, 40, pp. 121-125Guimarães, L.V., Latorre, M.D., Barros, M.B., Fatores de risco para a ocorrência de déficit em em pré-escolares (1999) Cad Saúde Públ, 15, pp. 605-615Barker, D.J.B., (1998) Mothers, Babies and Health in Later Life. 2a Ed., , Edinburgh: Churchill LivingstonePaz, I., Seidman, D.S., Danon, Y.L., Laor, A., Stevenson, D.K., Gale, R., Are children small for gestational age at increased risk of short stature? (1993) Am J Dis Child, 147, pp. 337-339Haeffner, L.S.B., Barbieri, M.A., Rona, J.R., Bettiol, H., Silva, A.A.M., The relative strength of weight and height at birth in contrast to social factors as determinants of height at 18 years in Brazil (2002) Ann Hum Biol, 29, pp. 627-64

Association between Hpv types and species groups and cervical neoplasia from a high-risk area for cervical cancer, Goiânia, Brazil

CNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOThis study was designed to evaluate the effect of single or multiple-human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and phylogenetic groups on the prevalence and severity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women undergoing colposcopy after an abnormal cervical smear. Colposcopy was performed in 198 cases and biopsy was performed in 193 patients. All specimens were tested for 27 HPV genotypes using the Roche polymerase chain reaction reverse line blot assay. The overall prevalence of HPV infection in women with an abnormal cervical smear was 86% (171 of 198). The prevalence of HPV 16 in high-grade CIN (2/3) was 52% (40 of 76), being detected in 88.8% of cases (8 of 9) of invasive carcinoma. The prevalence of HPV types 31 and 35 in high-grade CIN was 10.5% (8 of 76) and 6.6% (5 of 76), respectively. Single or multiple-type infection involving HPV 16 were significantly associated with a diagnosis of high-grade neoplasia (≥2) [odds ratio (OR) 6.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.88-23.44 and OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.13-12.15] even after adjustment for HPV-DNA. A statistically significant association was also found between HPV 16 and the other HPV types belonging to species α 9 and a diagnosis of high-grade neoplasia (OR: 7.62; 95% CI: 1.28-51.58); however, no association was found between HPV 16 and the other HPV types belonging to species α 7. HPV 16 is the most important predictor of high-grade cervical neoplasia. Multiple-type infections are predictors of high-grade cervical neoplasia when type 16 is present. © 2011 International Society of Gynecological Pathologists.This study was designed to evaluate the effect of single or multiple-human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and phylogenetic groups on the prevalence and severity of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in women undergoing colposcopy after an abnormal cervical smear. Colposcopy was performed in 198 cases and biopsy was performed in 193 patients. All specimens were tested for 27 HPV genotypes using the Roche polymerase chain reaction reverse line blot assay. The overall prevalence of HPV infection in women with an abnormal cervical smear was 86% (171 of 198). The prevalence of HPV 16 in high-grade CIN (2/3) was 52% (40 of 76), being detected in 88.8% of cases (8 of 9) of invasive carcinoma. The prevalence of HPV types 31 and 35 in high-grade CIN was 10.5% (8 of 76) and 6.6% (5 of 76), respectively. Single or multiple-type infection involving HPV 16 were significantly associated with a diagnosis of high-grade neoplasia (≥2) [odds ratio (OR) 6.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.88-23.44 and OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.13-12.15] even after adjustment for HPV-DNA. A statistically significant association was also found between HPV 16 and the other HPV types belonging to species α 9 and a diagnosis of high-grade neoplasia (OR: 7.62; 95% CI: 1.28-51.58); however, no association was found between HPV 16 and the other HPV types belonging to species α 7. HPV 16 is the most important predictor of high-grade cervical neoplasia. Multiple-type infections are predictors of high-grade cervical neoplasia when type 16 is present303288294CNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOCNPQ – CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçã

Atributos estruturais e produtivos de capim-marandu em resposta à suplementação alimentar de bovinos e a ciclos de pastejo Productive and structural traits of marandu grass pasture in response to supplemental bovine feeding levels and grazing cycles

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações estruturais e produtivas de capim-marandu (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) em resposta à suplementação alimentar de bovinos e a ciclos de pastejo. Os níveis de suplementação com concentrado à base de polpa cítrica, milho, farelo de soja e ureia foram 0,2, 0,6 e 1% do peso vivo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com os níveis de suplementação nas parcelas e os ciclos de pastejo nas subparcelas. Os efeitos da suplementação alimentar dos animais sobre o pasto foram detectados sobre o índice de área foliar, interceptação luminosa e relação folha/colmo, em pré-pastejo. Os menores valores foram observados na suplementação de 0,2% do peso vivo. No pós-pastejo, a massa de folhas e a relação folha/colmo foram menores com a menor suplementação (0,2%). Os ciclos de pastejo afetaram as características produtivas e estruturais do pasto, bem como os índices morfogênicos do capim-marandu. Apenas a massa de material morto aumentou, enquanto o número e o peso de perfilhos não foi afetado pelos ciclos de pastejo. O pasto de capim-marandu foi influenciado pela suplementação alimentar dos bovinos. Com o suceder dos ciclos de pastejo, do verão para o outono, há redução do crescimento do pasto, com prejuízos à sua estrutura.<br>The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive and structural traits of marandu grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) pasture in responseto supplemental bovine feeding levelsand to grazingcycles. The evaluated levels of concentrate feeding based on citric pulp, corn, soybean meal and urea were: 0.2, 0.6, and 1 % body live weight. A completely randomized block design was used, with split plots in time, in which supplementation levels were the plots and grazing periods were the subplots. Supplemental feeding levels affected the grass canopy traits. Changes were detected in leaf area index, light interception, and leaf/stem ratio under pre-grazed pasture conditions. The lowest figures were observed for the supplementation level of 0.2% live weight. Under the post-grazing conditions, leaf biomass and the leaf/stem ratio traits were also least under the 0.2% supplemental feeding level. The structural and productive pasture traits, as well as the pasture morphogenetic indices exhibited effects of the grazing cycles. While dead material increased, tiller number and mass did not vary with the grazing cycles. The supplemental feeding of animals affected the marandu grass pasture traits. As the grazing season progressed from summer to autumn, pasture growth decreased and pasture structure was affected

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora