A study of lectin activity in buds of Sophora japonica L

Purpose: To identify lectins in Sophora japonica L. (green flower buds, fully formed flower buds, and flower buds as they begin to open) and to study their activity.Methods: Lectin activity was studied using rat hemagglutination method. The protein concentration of the extracts of the agglutinate was determined using Bradford assay.Results: Lectin activity of green flower buds was 1.61 ± 0.11 units/mg protein; fully formed flower buds, 1.81 ± 0.08 units/mg protein; flower buds as they began to open, and 2.05 ± 0.05 units/mg protein. The protein content of extracts from the buds of Sophora japonica L. collected at the stage of green flower buds, at the stage of formed buds, and at the stage of opening flower buds were 3.97 ± 0,04, 3.53 ± 0.07 and 3.13 ± 0.09 mg/ml respectively.Conclusion: This study shows the existence of lectins in Sophora japonica L. buds studied at three different stages of development. The highest lectin activity and protein content are found in the stage of green flower buds.Keywords: Lectins, Sophora japonica L, Flower buds, Ratuserytroagglutinatio

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND QUANTIFICATION OF LECTIN PROTEIN CONTENTS IN CHAMERION ANGUSTIFOLIUM L. DRIED RAW MATERIAL AND THE STUDY OF ITS ACTIVITY USING RATUSERYTROAGGLUTINATION

Objective: To isolate, identify and quantify lectin protein contents in Chamerion angustifolium L. dried raw material species namely; leaves in the flowering stage, buds, and flowers and the study of its activity.Methods: Lectin activity has been determined using the biological method called ratuserytroagglutination. This method is based on the formation of aggregates of lectins and rat erythrocytes using the floor amount of lectins that agglutinate erythrocytes as a unit of measurement. Additionally, the protein contents of the extracts have been determined using the Bradford assay method.Results: lectins activity from Chamerion angustifolium L. in leaves in the flowering stage, buds, and flowers were 2.72±0.06, 0.24±0.008, and 0.56±0.014 units/mg protein, respectively. The greatest lectins activity was in the leaves in the flowering stage followed by flowers and then in buds. Protein contents in leaves in the flowering stage, buds, and flowers were 4.71±0.03, 6.77±0.02, and 5.76±0.14 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusion: All proteins obtained from the Chamerion angustifolium L. plant raw material were shown to possess rat erythrocytes agglutinating activity. The crude extract of leaves in the flowering stage exhibited the strongest hemagglutinating activity of about 2.72 units/mg proteins, whereas the buds showed the lowest activity of about 0.24 units/mg proteins. It should be highlighted herein, although many plant lectins mimic the behavior of plant storage proteins, these lectins should not be classified as storage proteins.Â

Development and Optimization of a New Chemoenzymatic Approach for the Synthesis of Peracetylated Lactosamine (Intermediate for the Synthesis of Pharmacologically Active Compounds) Monitored by RP- HPLC Method

Purpose: To describe a chemoenzymatic approach joining an enzymatic regioselective hydrolysis of peracetylated N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine (A) with a mild controlled acyl relocation which resulted 2-acetamido-2 deoxy-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose (1B). Methods: Immobilization of lipase on decaoctyl (DSEOD) and octyl-agarose (OSCL) was carried out as reported by the work of Bastida et al. The newly developed RP-HPLC method for examining the enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out isocratically utilizing a HPLC system. Results: The new approach resulted the target compound (B) in 95% yield after purification utilizing flash column chromatography. Candida rugosa-lipase immobilized ondecaoctyl-sepabeads was the best catalyst in terms of activity and region-selectivity in the hydrolysis of substrate (A), delivering the deacetylation at C6 position (98% general yield). Also, a reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for controlling the region-selective hydrolysis of peracetylated N-acetyl-α-D-glucosamine (A) with a mild monitored acyl movement which led to 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-1,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-α-D-glucopyranose (1B) has additionally been developed. The developed RP-HPLC method was utilized as fingerprints to follow the hydrolysis of substrate (A) and to determine its purity and additionally yield. Furthermore, the acquired compound (B) was further purified by flash chromatography. Compound (B) was further characterized utilizing 1HNMR and mass spectrometry. Conclusion: An efficient chemoenzymatic procedure to optimize the preparation of peracetylated lactosamine B containing acetyl ester as extraordinary protecting group is presented. Compound B is a significant intermediate for the synthesis of pharmacologically active compound (e.g. complex oligosaccharides for biochemical, biophysical, or biological examinations). Besides, reaction monitoring utilizing HPLC proposes more exact information than spectroscopic methods

Дослідження вуглеводів сировини кукурудзи звичайної

The aim. The aim of the study was to study the content of polysaccharide fractions depending on the dissolution, qualitative composition and quantitative content of sugars in corn silk, leaves and roots. Materials and methods. To study different fractions of polysaccharides - water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS), pectin substances (PS), hemicelluloses A (HC A) and B (HM B) used a gravimetric method based on the extraction of polysaccharide fractions with a suitable solvent followed by sedimentation and weighing of the sediment. Determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of monosaccharides in corn medicinal plant materials (MPM) was carried out by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results. Conducted studies of corn silk, leaves and roots carbohydrates using the fractionation method indicate the following trend of BAS accumulation in the studied raw materials: the content of WSPS and PS in corn silk exceeded the content of these compounds in other types of raw materials – 4.07±0.14 % and 7.20±0.29 %, respectively; leaves accumulated the most HC A and HC B compared to the content of these fractions in other samples - 6.81±0.21 % and 21.20±0.84 %, respectively. It was established by the GC/MS method that 4 substances were identified in corn silk in the free state: arabinose, glucose, galactose and fructose. After hydrolysis 5 substances were identified in corm silk - arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose. Among the free sugars 3 compounds were found in corn leaves - glucose, fructose and sucrose. After hydrolysis, 4 compounds were identified in in corn leaves – arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose. In corn roots 3 compounds are found in a free form - glucose, fructose and sucrose. After hydrolysis 4 compounds were identified in corn roots - arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate a significant content of polysaccharides and sugars in the raw materials of corn, which makes it possible to predict the anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, adsorbing, energetic activity of the studied types of corn plant raw materialsМета. Метою дослідження було вивчення вмісту фракцій полісахаридів в залежності від розчинення, якісного складу та кількісного вмісту цукрів стовпчиків з приймочками, листя та коренів кукурудзи звичайної. Матеріали і методи. Для вивчення різних фракцій полісахаридів - водорозчинних полісахаридів (ВРПС), пектинових речовин (ПР). геміцелюлози А (ГЦ А) та Б (ГМ Б) - використовували гравіметричний методо заснований на екстрагуванні фракцій полісахаридів відповідним розчинником із подальшим осадження та зважуванням осаду. Визначення якісного складу та кількісного вмісту моносахаридів в сировині кукурудзи проводили методом газової хромато-мас-спектрометрії (ГХ/МС). Результати. Проведенні дослідження вуглеводів стовпчиків з приймочками, листя та коренів кукурудзи звичайної методом фракціонування свідчать про наступну тенденцію накопичення БАР у досліджуваній сировини: вміст ВРПС та ПР у стовпчиках з приймочками перевищував вміст цих сполук у інших видах сировини та складав 4,07±0,14 % та 7,20±0,29 % відповідно; листя найбільше накопичували ГЦ А та ГЦ Б порівняно до вмісту цих фракцій у інших зразках - 6,81±0,21 % та 21,20±0,84 % відповідно. Методом ГХ/МС встановлено, що у стовпчиках з приймочками у вільному стані ідентифіковано 4 речовини: арабіноза, глюкоза, галактоза та фруктоза. Після гідролізу у стовпчиках з приймочками ідентифіковано 5 речовин - арабіноза, ксилоза, маноза, глюкоза, галактоза. У листі кукурудзи сорту Світлана серед вільних цукрів знайдено 3 сполуки – глюкозу, фруктозу та цукрозу. Після гідролізу у листі були ідентифіковані 4 сполуки – арабіноза, ксилоза, глюкоза та галактоза. У коренях кукурудзи у вільному стані знайдено 3 сполуки - глюкозу, фруктозу та цукрозу. Після гідролізу у коренях кукурудзи ідентифіковано 4 сполуки - арабіноза, ксилоза, глюкоза та галактоза. Висновки. Одержані результати свідчать про значний вміст полісахаридів та цукрів у сировині кукурудзи звичайної, що дає можливість прогнозувати протизапальну, дектоксикуючу, адсорбуючу, енергетичну активність досліджуваних видів сировини кукурудзи звичайно

Optimizing Extractability, Phytochemistry, Acute Toxicity, and Hemostatic Action of Corn Silk Liquid Extract

The technological parameters and quality indicators of corn silk were evaluated in this study: specific density, volumetric density, bulk density, porosity, spatial layer, free volume of the layer, the absorption coefficient, weight loss on drying, and extractives. The technology for obtaining a liquid extract of corn silk was developed. The most effective extractant was discovered to be 40% ethanol, with an extraction time of 120 minutes. The qualitative composition and quantitative content of the major groups of biologically active substances (BAS) in the obtained liquid extract were determined. The qualitative composition of the main groups of BAS was determined by conventional chemical reactions. This extract contained free reduced sugars, glycosides (bound reduced sugars), phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The quantitative content of phenolic compounds was performed by UV-vis-spectrophotometry. Total phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids had quantitative contents of 8.25 ± 0.33%, 1.4 ± 0.03%, 2.20 ± 0.06%, 3.30 ± 0.13%, respectively. The acute toxicity study was carried out with a single intragastric administration to outbred unanesthetized white rats of both sexes. Duration of observation of animals was 14 days. It was revealed that corn silk extract at doses of up to 5.0 ml/kg is safe. A single injection of a liquid extract has no effect on internal organs when compared to a control group. Corn silk liquid extract’s hemostatic efficacy was assessed using blood clotting time, prothrombin time, and blood clot retraction index. The corn silk liquid extract reduces blood coagulation time, decreases prothrombin time, and increases the blood clot retraction index. According to these findings, corn silk liquid extract is rich in phytochemicals and possesses a potential therapeutic effect on bleeding disorders. Furthermore, it could be used in the pharmaceutical sciences industry to develop medicines for testing in the treatment of various diseases

Phytochemical, Physiochemical, Macroscopic, and Microscopic Analysis of Rosa damascena Flower Petals and Buds

Macroscopic and microscopic analysis of R. damascena buds and flower petals was used to find the main morphological and anatomical features of these types of medicinal plant material (MPM). The presence of polysaccharides, free and bound monosaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and essential oils was confirmed by chemical and histochemical reactions. The quality indicator of R. damascena buds and flower petals was evaluated in this study; weight loss on drying gave the next result: 6.69 ± 0.20% for flower petals and 6.65 ± 0.13% for buds. The swelling index showed a high result for R. damascena flower petals and buds. R. damascena buds swelling index—5 ± 0.2 and R. damascenaflower petals swelling index—15 ± 0.6. The determination of volatile substances by GC/MS shows the presence of 18 volatile compounds in flower petals and buds, this number varies up to 17. Nonadecane, heneicosane, and octadecane are the main components in both medicinal plant materials. Both buds and flower petals contain approximately the same amount of citronellol. Phenylethyl alcohol is present in large amounts in buds but in small amounts in flower petals. R. damascena flower petals and buds are the sources of volatile compounds, phenols, and polysaccharides. The results of our investigation showed great differences and similarities between buds and flower petals of R. damascena. We have confirmed that not only buds but also flower petals could be a source of biologically active substances (BASs) such as essential oils, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds. Flower petals could be an alternative MPM. We would also like to underline the importance of standard documentation for MPM: its macro and microscopic description, harvest time, control techniques of the qualitative composition, and the quantitative content of the main BAS. Because it will help in the production of various high-quality products that can be used in medicine, pharmacy, food, and the perfume industries

Determination of Four Major Saponins in Skin and Endosperm of Seeds of Horse Chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.) Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Positive Confirmation by Thin Layer Chromatography

urpose: To separate and quantify four major saponins in the extracts of the skin and the endosperm of seeds of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) using ultrasonic solvent extraction followed by a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) with positive confirmation by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Methods: The saponins: escin Ia, escin Ib, isoescin Ia and isoescin Ib were extracted using ultrasonic extraction method. The optimized extraction conditions were: 70% methanol as extraction solvent, 80 C as extraction temperature, and the extraction time was achieved in 4 hours. The HPLC conditions used: Zorbax SB-ODS-(150 mm × 2.1 mm, 3 m) column, acetonitrile and 0.10% phosphoric acid solution (39:61 v/v) as mobile phase, flow rate was 0.5 mL min-1 at 210 nm and 230 nm detection. The injection volume was 10 L, and the separation was carried out isothermally at 30 C in a heated chamber. Results: The results indicated that the developed HPLC method is simple, sensitive and reliable. Moreover, the content of escins in seeds decreased by more than 30% in endosperm and by more than 40% in skin upon storage for two years. Conclusion: This assay can be readily utilized as a quality control method for horse chestnut and other related medicinal plants

Дослідження вуглеводів сировини кукурудзи звичайної

The aim. The aim of the study was to study the content of polysaccharide fractions depending on the dissolution, qualitative composition and quantitative content of sugars in corn silk, leaves and roots. Materials and methods. To study different fractions of polysaccharides - water-soluble polysaccharides (WSPS), pectin substances (PS), hemicelluloses A (HC A) and B (HM B) used a gravimetric method based on the extraction of polysaccharide fractions with a suitable solvent followed by sedimentation and weighing of the sediment. Determination of the qualitative composition and quantitative content of monosaccharides in corn medicinal plant materials (MPM) was carried out by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Results. Conducted studies of corn silk, leaves and roots carbohydrates using the fractionation method indicate the following trend of BAS accumulation in the studied raw materials: the content of WSPS and PS in corn silk exceeded the content of these compounds in other types of raw materials – 4.07±0.14 % and 7.20±0.29 %, respectively; leaves accumulated the most HC A and HC B compared to the content of these fractions in other samples - 6.81±0.21 % and 21.20±0.84 %, respectively. It was established by the GC/MS method that 4 substances were identified in corn silk in the free state: arabinose, glucose, galactose and fructose. After hydrolysis 5 substances were identified in corm silk - arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose. Among the free sugars 3 compounds were found in corn leaves - glucose, fructose and sucrose. After hydrolysis, 4 compounds were identified in in corn leaves – arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose. In corn roots 3 compounds are found in a free form - glucose, fructose and sucrose. After hydrolysis 4 compounds were identified in corn roots - arabinose, xylose, glucose and galactose. Conclusions. The obtained results indicate a significant content of polysaccharides and sugars in the raw materials of corn, which makes it possible to predict the anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, adsorbing, energetic activity of the studied types of corn plant raw materialsМета. Метою дослідження було вивчення вмісту фракцій полісахаридів в залежності від розчинення, якісного складу та кількісного вмісту цукрів стовпчиків з приймочками, листя та коренів кукурудзи звичайної. Матеріали і методи. Для вивчення різних фракцій полісахаридів - водорозчинних полісахаридів (ВРПС), пектинових речовин (ПР). геміцелюлози А (ГЦ А) та Б (ГМ Б) - використовували гравіметричний методо заснований на екстрагуванні фракцій полісахаридів відповідним розчинником із подальшим осадження та зважуванням осаду. Визначення якісного складу та кількісного вмісту моносахаридів в сировині кукурудзи проводили методом газової хромато-мас-спектрометрії (ГХ/МС). Результати. Проведенні дослідження вуглеводів стовпчиків з приймочками, листя та коренів кукурудзи звичайної методом фракціонування свідчать про наступну тенденцію накопичення БАР у досліджуваній сировини: вміст ВРПС та ПР у стовпчиках з приймочками перевищував вміст цих сполук у інших видах сировини та складав 4,07±0,14 % та 7,20±0,29 % відповідно; листя найбільше накопичували ГЦ А та ГЦ Б порівняно до вмісту цих фракцій у інших зразках - 6,81±0,21 % та 21,20±0,84 % відповідно. Методом ГХ/МС встановлено, що у стовпчиках з приймочками у вільному стані ідентифіковано 4 речовини: арабіноза, глюкоза, галактоза та фруктоза. Після гідролізу у стовпчиках з приймочками ідентифіковано 5 речовин - арабіноза, ксилоза, маноза, глюкоза, галактоза. У листі кукурудзи сорту Світлана серед вільних цукрів знайдено 3 сполуки – глюкозу, фруктозу та цукрозу. Після гідролізу у листі були ідентифіковані 4 сполуки – арабіноза, ксилоза, глюкоза та галактоза. У коренях кукурудзи у вільному стані знайдено 3 сполуки - глюкозу, фруктозу та цукрозу. Після гідролізу у коренях кукурудзи ідентифіковано 4 сполуки - арабіноза, ксилоза, глюкоза та галактоза. Висновки. Одержані результати свідчать про значний вміст полісахаридів та цукрів у сировині кукурудзи звичайної, що дає можливість прогнозувати протизапальну, дектоксикуючу, адсорбуючу, енергетичну активність досліджуваних видів сировини кукурудзи звичайно

Preparation and characterisation of ciprofloxacin‐loaded silver nanoparticles for drug delivery

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown potential applications in drug delivery. In this study, the AgNPs was prepared from silver nitrate in the presence of alginate as a capping agent. The ciprofloxacin (Cipro) was loaded on the surface of AgNPs to produce Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposite. The characteristics of the Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposite were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier‐transform infra‐red analysis (FT‐IR) and zeta potential analyses. The XRD of AgNPs and Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposite data showed that both have a crystalline structure in nature. The FT‐IR data indicate that the AgNPs have been wrapped by the alginate and loaded with the Cipro drug. The TEM image showed that the Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposites have an average size of 96 nm with a spherical shape. The SEM image for AgNPs and Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposites confirmed the needle‐lumpy shape. The zeta potential for Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposites exhibited a positive charge with a value of 6.5 mV. The TGA for Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposites showed loss of 79.7% in total mass compared to 57.6% for AgNPs which is due to the Cipro loaded in the AgNPs. The release of Cipro from Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposites showed slow release properties which reached 98% release within 750 min, and followed the Hixson–Crowell kinetic model. In addition, the toxicity of AgNPs and Cipro‐AgNPs nanocomposites was evaluated using normal (3T3) cell line. The present work suggests that Cipro‐AgNPs are suitable for drug delivery

A statistical study on the development of metronidazole-chitosan-alginate nanocomposite formulation using the full factorial design

The goal of this study was to develop and statistically optimize the metronidazole (MET), chitosan (CS) and alginate (Alg) nanoparticles (NP) nanocomposites (MET-CS-AlgNPs) using a (21 × 31 × 21) × 3 = 36 full factorial design (FFD) to investigate the effect of chitosan and alginate polymer concentrations and calcium chloride (CaCl2) concentration ondrug loading efficiency(LE), particle size and zeta potential. The concentration of CS, Alg and CaCl2 were taken as independent variables, while drug loading, particle size and zeta potential were taken as dependent variables. The study showed that the loading efficiency and particle size depend on the CS, Alg and CaCl2 concentrations, whereas zeta potential depends only on the Alg and CaCl2 concentrations. The MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and in vitro drug release studies. XRD datashowed that the crystalline properties of MET changed to an amorphous-like pattern when the nanocomposites were formed.The XRD pattern of MET-CS-AlgNPs showed reflections at 2θ = 14.2° and 22.1°, indicating that the formation of the nanocompositesprepared at the optimum conditions havea mean diameter of (165±20) nm, with a MET loading of (46.0 ± 2.1)% and a zeta potential of (−9.2 ± 0.5) mV.The FTIR data of MET-CS-AlgNPs showed some bands of MET, such as 3283, 1585 and 1413 cm−1, confirming the presence of the drug in the MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites. The TGA for the optimized sample of MET-CS-AlgNPs showed a 70.2% weight loss compared to 55.3% for CS-AlgNPs, and the difference is due to the incorporation of MET in the CS-AlgNPs for the formation of MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites. The release of MET from the nanocomposite showed sustained-release properties, indicating the presence of an interaction between MET and the polymer. The nanocomposite shows a smooth surface and spherical shape. The release profile of MET from its MET-CS-AlgNPs nanocomposites was found to be governed by the second kinetic model (R2 between 0.956–0.990) with more than 90% release during the first 50 h, which suggests that the release of the MET drug can be extended or prolonged via the nanocomposite formulation