Ethical and Economic Conditions of Social Production According to Stanisław Głąbiński

Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941), economist and politician, and one of the main representatives of the historical trend, sought to develop the national school in the Polish economy. The nation and national idea were to become its starting point. By ‘people’ he meant the population in the political sense, i.e. the whole of society within the state, including the factions and national minorities. The subject of national economics is the national or social economy. It is the total unit of a higher order, including all the households in the country linked by ties of mutual dependence, both material and spiritual. Its purpose and subject is the society, the nation. Therefore, national economics is a social science. Production is characterized by a social dimension, its size determined by both economic and non-economic factors as well as moral and ethical ones. These two aspects are characteristic of the two categories associated with it, i.e. the social resources and factors of production. The category of social resources is similar to Frederick List’s concept of productive forces, meaning the production capacity of the nation, the power of producing wealth. Głąbiński divides them into moral and material resources, attaching more importance to the moral resources. They are the fullest expression of the nation’s culture condition, the nation’s moral level and they also provide stable social bonds. The concept of moral resources involves two production factors: entrepreneurship as well as knowledge and work. The material resources represent the earth (nature) and capital

The Programme of Repairing the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth in Saxon Times. Ethical, Political as well as Socio‑Economic Aspects

The first projects to repair the political system of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth were limited in Saxon times. In the case of Stanisław Konarski, the greatest thinker of those times, the ethical aspect of the state repair programme, which was the reform of Piarist education, was temporarily ahead of the political aspect. The latter was presented only at the end of this time in the work “O skutecznym rad sposobie” (“How to give advice effectively”). The Piarist scholar proposed auctioning off the army and preventing the breaking of parliament sessions by means of the liberum veto principle.Some writers of this period (Stanisław Leszczyński, Stanisław Konarski) had weak and inconsistent proposals to abolish the peasants’ serfdom and their enfranchisement, similar to the statements of later Polish physiocrats on this subject.In the views of the main thinkers of Saxon times, the postulates about the need to develop agriculture, industry and trade were combined with mercantilist topics. These writers were populationists. Stefan Garczyński’s considerations on the role of the internal market, presented in his “Anatomy of the Republic of Poland”, should be specially emphasized

The Economic and Ethical Aims of the Landowning Party of “Klemensowczycy” in the 1840s

The 1840s brought a certain revival both in intellectual life and efforts to modernize agriculture in the Kingdom of Poland. Count Andrzej Zamoyski (1800–1874) played an inspiring role here. In all his properties replaced feudal service by rents. Moreover, even though the villein system was still in place, he was a spokesman for a transition to this more modern form of managing for the totality of the landed gentry. On his initiative, the periodical “Roczniki Gospodarstwa Krajowego” (“Polish Farming Annual”) came out. “Roczniki” brought in representatives of the Kingdom’s landed gentry supporting actions aimed at economic development and the promotion of civilization, soon to be called organic work. Representatives of the landowning party supporting the idea of organic work were popularly called “klemensowczycy”, because of their participation in conventions held in Andrzej Zamoyski’s estate in the village of Klemensów. The leader of the “klemensowczycy” blazed a trail for Poland’s progress of civilization, where he was characterized by Occidentalism, understood as referring to historical experiences of the Western world

National Economics and Ethics according to Stanisław Głąbiński

Stanisław Głąbiński (1862-1941), professor of Lviv University and the author of the two-volume ‘National Economics (‘Ekonomika narodowa’), was one of the main representatives of the historical-national approach in Polish economics. The study of national economics which he created was divided into general economics, i.e. economic theory, and practical economics, referred to as economic and social policies. Głąbiński emphasizes that there is a close relationship between the latter and ethics. Before the development of economic theory, economic thought was normative, because of its close relationship to ethics. However, it was not the history of economic theory, but the history of the notion of economic politics and of its practical application. Due to the social nature of ethics, there are also specific relations between it and theoretical economics. In modern countries finding a solution to the so-called social question has become a common task of economics and ethics. Ethical topics are also contained in the content of the category ‘social resources’, in which the social determinants of human economic activity find their fullest reflection. This applies in particular to the category of moral resources, which illustrates the functioning of state bodies and public institutions, the state of education, the prevailing habits and the customs and the character of the nation

The Ethical and Economic Aspects of Henryk Kamieński’s Agrarian Programme

Henryk Kamieński (1813–1866), a philosopher, economist, and theorist of struggle for national independence, idealized petty ownership as the most appropriate form of ownership both in ethical and economic aspects. He analyzed the problem on three levels. In his proposals for a specific solution of the agrarian question, presented in the Warsaw periodicals, Kamieński supported the introduction of agricultural rent paid by peasants and the abolishment of serfdom. Calling serfdom a land usury had an ethical implication. In the protection of the manor over peasants Kamieński sees the desire of manor owners to hold the victims of this usury in their hands. Replacement of serfdom with an agricultural rent was for him the first step in granting landownership to peasants. Kamieński emphasizes that petty ownership is conducive to production growth. He believes that the spread of it is an opportunity for peasants to heighten their national consciousness and a chance of civilized advancement of Polish territories. This line of thinking is clearly evident in his studies published abroad, devoted to the conception of combining a national uprising with granting freehold to peasants. Kamieński also discusses the values of petty ownership in agriculture in his theoretical work Filozofia ekonomii materialnej ludzkiego społeczeństwa [Philosophy of material economics of human society], in which he presents his vision of a system of social justice. For him, petty ownership is a guarantee of respect for human rights, the most effective safeguard of preserving the autonomy of human individual. In this reasoning we could see certain elements of personalism, which brings Kamieński’s standpoint closer to that of Pope John Paul II

A New Statistical Reconstruction Method for the Computed Tomography Using an X-Ray Tube with Flying Focal Spot

Abstract This paper presents a new image reconstruction method for spiral cone- beam tomography scanners in which an X-ray tube with a flying focal spot is used. The method is based on principles related to the statistical model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) methodology. The proposed approach is a continuous-to-continuous data model approach, and the forward model is formulated as a shift-invariant system. This allows for avoiding a nutating reconstruction-based approach, e.g. the advanced single slice rebinning methodology (ASSR) that is usually applied in computed tomography (CT) scanners with X-ray tubes with a flying focal spot. In turn, the proposed approach allows for significantly accelerating the reconstruction processing and, generally, for greatly simplifying the entire reconstruction procedure. Additionally, it improves the quality of the reconstructed images in comparison to the traditional algorithms, as confirmed by extensive simulations. It is worth noting that the main purpose of introducing statistical reconstruction methods to medical CT scanners is the reduction of the impact of measurement noise on the quality of tomography images and, consequently, the dose reduction of X-ray radiation absorbed by a patient. A series of computer simulations followed by doctor's assessments have been performed, which indicate how great a reduction of the absorbed dose can be achieved using the reconstruction approach presented here

Caractère législatif de l'assurance sociale générale des travailleurs

L'article concerne une évaluation du caractère législatif de l'assurance sociale générale des travailleurs. Il motive la nécessité de cette évaluation par les modifications très essentielles qui ont été introduites en comparaison à l'assurance de la période d'entre les deux guerres. Ces modifications succitent des doutes si le système actuel de l'assurance sociale n'a pas subi un changement de son caractère législatif. L'étude énumère dans la troisième partie tous les changements essentiels qui ont pris place jusqu'au moment actuel, dans le système de l'assurance sociale des travailleurs en Pologne et puis, dans la quatrième partie, il tâche de distinguer parmi les changements établis, ceux qui peuvent succiter des doutes, si l'assurance sociale n'a pas perdu son caractère d'assurance. Parmi ces changements l'auteur compte: l'introduction d'un mode particulier du financement des assurances, qui ne prend pas en vue la garantie de la relation entre la cotisation et les prestations, la modification de la structure des prestations à long-terme ainsi qu'une autre direction des assurances sous rapport de leur but économique, par l'introduction dans leur domaine d'une institution juridique qui permet la suspension du droit à une rente durant la période où le rentier obtient un emploi lucratif ou bien possède un revenu provenant d'une autre source. La cinquième partie de l'article analyse du point de vue législatif les modifications énumérées ci-dessus, dans le but de constater si elles permettent de conclure que l'assurance sociale des travailleurs a perdu son caractère d'assurance. En fin de compte l'auteur arrive à la conclusion que l'assurance sociale des travailleurs présente un type particulier d'assurance sociale, étranger au modèle traditionnel. Cette différence est motivée à un certain point également par le changement du concept même d'assurance, qui est conforme aux modifications, ayant également lieu dans l'assurance économique. Dans l'assurance sociale des travailleurs le fait même d'avoir un emploi forme la base de l'assurance au profit du travailleur. La cotisation est payée par l'employeur, mais de fait c'est le travailleur qui subit les frais de son assurance par son travail.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

Commercial exchange as a factor of civilizational progress in the theory of Józef Supiński

Scientific works of Józef Supiński (1804 - 1893), i.e. Myśl ogólna fizjologii wszechświata (General concept of universal physiology, Lwów 1860) and Szkoła polska gospodarstwa społecznego (Polish school of social economics, Lwów 1862, 1865) were issued in late romanticism period. They had been inspired and, in the same time, were a reaction to Filozofia ekonomii materialnej ludzkiego społeczeństwa (Philosophy of material economy of human society) by Henryk Kamieński (iisued in Poznań, 1843 and 1845). Philosophical and social conceptions of H. Saint-Simon played here also an important part. Following Kamieński Supiński stresses civilizational role of commercial exchange and its favourable influence on increase of the volume of production and social wealth. Being human creation this exchange brings leads social relations to perfection and eliminates by the way all forms of violence. It is also a binding agent uniting individuals into a society. Supiński discusses some categories of market ekonomy: money and credit, and first of all - the concurrence meant as emulation or contest. Analogically to H. Kamieński he also creates a deductively sophisticated model of free concurrence. This model is approached now by economies of highly developped Western European countries. Among disbalancing factors he cites: lack of full information on the production volume of a given produck within global scale and, on the other hand, on buyers' preferences, as well as different level of innovations' application.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201

Ethical and Economic Aspect of the Stanisław Głąbiński’s Social Resources Category

Stanisław Głąbiński (1862–1941) professor at the Lvov University, the author of a two volume work entitled „National economics” is a representative of the historical-national trend in Polish economics. The subject matter of his concept of national economics is the national economy which is a higher rank entity, encompassing all economic entities in the country that are related materially and spiritually. Bonds that link individuals into a higher rank entity, i.e. a nation, are reflected in the term ‘social resources’. Głąbiński understands them as moral and material heritage of past generations that influences attitudes of the contemporary generation. He divides them into moral and material resources, and especially emphasizes the importance of the former ones. In the concept of moral resources, Głąbiński included his claims concerning the whole socio-ethical conditions of economic processes. He appreciated the influence exerted by the changes in the ethical viewpoint of the society on the economic activity as well as on the shaping of the sense of duty towards the whole society. Special emphasis placed in Głąbiński’s economic theory on the role of ethical motives undoubtedly springs from the influence exerted by the German historical school and, in particular, by Bruno Hildebrand. It also is a result of the effect of Polish economic thought including in particular the views of Fryderyk Skarbek and Józef Supiński. According to Głąbiński, the most important constituent element of material resources was finance, understood by him as stocks of economic goods

Commercial exchange as a factor of civilizational progress in the theory of Józef Supiński

Scientific works of Józef Supiński (1804 - 1893), i.e. Myśl ogólna fizjologii wszechświata (General concept of universal physiology, Lwów 1860) and Szkoła polska gospodarstwa społecznego (Polish school of social economics, Lwów 1862, 1865) were issued in late romanticism period. They had been inspired and, in the same time, were a reaction to Filozofia ekonomii materialnej ludzkiego społeczeństwa (Philosophy of material economy of human society) by Henryk Kamieński (iisued in Poznań, 1843 and 1845). Philosophical and social conceptions of H. Saint-Simon played here also an important part. Following Kamieński Supiński stresses civilizational role of commercial exchange and its favourable influence on increase of the volume of production and social wealth. Being human creation this exchange brings leads social relations to perfection and eliminates by the way all forms of violence. It is also a binding agent uniting individuals into a society. Supiński discusses some categories of market ekonomy: money and credit, and first of all - the concurrence meant as emulation or contest. Analogically to H. Kamieński he also creates a deductively sophisticated model of free concurrence. This model is approached now by economies of highly developped Western European countries. Among disbalancing factors he cites: lack of full information on the production volume of a given produck within global scale and, on the other hand, on buyers' preferences, as well as different level of innovations' application.Digitalizacja i deponowanie archiwalnych zeszytów RPEiS sfinansowane przez MNiSW w ramach realizacji umowy nr 541/P-DUN/201