Welfare practices for anaesthesiology trainees in Europe: A descriptive cross-sectional survey study.

BACKGROUND Current regulations of anaesthesiology training programmes may affect gender equity, female representation and leadership. OBJECTIVE To describe the work regulations of anaesthesiology training programs and working conditions during the early period of child-rearing in European countries. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey. SETTING National Anesthesiologists Societies Committee (NASC) representatives of the European Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care. PARTICIPANTS Thirty-eight NASC representatives. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Basic specialist training working conditions, gender-related data, return to work after childbirth and workplace policies against discrimination during anaesthesiology specialist training. INTERVENTIONS A 48-item questionnaire to explore the work patterns and conditions for trainees especially for new parents, professional development opportunities and work discrimination regulations in each representative country was distributed to NASC representatives of 44 European countries. RESULTS We collected the replies of each representative (38 representatives from 44 invited countries' representatives, 86% response rate). The median [IQR] proportion of female trainees was 60% [50 to 68]. There were no reported pay differences between sexes. In eight European countries, pregnant trainees worked fewer hours and were excused from night shifts. Women could not be laid off during pregnancy in all 38 countries (100%). The countries offered a median of 18 weeks of paid (total or partial) maternity leave (range, 13 to 60 weeks). Most countries (89%) accommodate paid paternity leaves. A significant proportion of parental leave was unpaid (n=18, 42%). Twenty-one (55%) countries allowed part-time work after delivery. The UK was the only country with clear recommendations to formally complain after harassment. CONCLUSION European countries have a wide variety of regulations. On paper, numerous countries have various paid maternal, paternal and parental leave; however, it remains to be determined if such leave takes place in practice. The practical consequences of these regulations on female trainees during the child-rearing period need to be explored further. TRIAL REGISTRATION None

Scientific quality of COVID-19 and SARS CoV-2 publications in the highest impact medical journals during the early phase of the pandemic: A case control study.

BACKGROUND A debate about the scientific quality of COVID-19 themed research has emerged. We explored whether the quality of evidence of COVID-19 publications is lower when compared to nonCOVID-19 publications in the three highest ranked scientific medical journals. METHODS We searched the PubMed Database from March 12 to April 12, 2020 and identified 559 publications in the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association, and The Lancet which were divided into COVID-19 (cases, n = 204) and nonCOVID-19 (controls, n = 355) associated content. After exclusion of secondary, unauthored, response letters and non-matching article types, 155 COVID-19 publications (including 13 original articles) and 130 nonCOVID-19 publications (including 52 original articles) were included in the comparative analysis. The hierarchical level of evidence was determined for each publication included and compared between cases and controls as the main outcome. A quantitative scoring of quality was carried out for the subgroup of original articles. The numbers of authors and citation rates were also compared between groups. RESULTS The 130 nonCOVID-19 publications were associated with higher levels of evidence on the level of evidence pyramid, with a strong association measure (Cramer's V: 0.452, P <0.001). The 155 COVID-19 publications were 186-fold more likely to be of lower evidence (95% confidence interval [CI] for odds ratio, 7.0-47; P <0.001). The quantitative quality score (maximum possible score, 28) was significantly different in favor of nonCOVID-19 (mean difference, 11.1; 95% CI, 8.5-13.7; P <0.001). There was a significant difference in the early citation rate of the original articles that favored the COVID-19 original articles (median [interquartile range], 45 [30-244] vs. 2 [1-4] citations; P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the quality of COVID-19 publications in the three highest ranked scientific medical journals is below the quality average of these journals. These findings need to be verified at a later stage of the pandemic

The wrong way : A literature study on ex-cons obstacles to reentry

I Sverige har brottslighet och kriminalitet blivit ett utbrett samhällsproblem som diskuteras flitigt i den politiska – och mediala debatten. Politikernas svar på den ökade gängkriminaliteten tenderar ofta att hamna i en diskussion om att skärpa straffen, slopa ungdomsrabatten och ge polisen fler maktmedel för att bekämpa brottslighet än att arbeta förebyggande med målgruppen. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser före detta kriminella möter när de har gjort valet att bryta med sin gamla livsstil, och att identifiera olika hinder som påverkar deras möjligheter att återanpassas till att bli fungerande medborgare. Betydande forskning från USA visar på att skärpta straff och långa fängelsevistelser är verkningslöst ifall syftet är att minska brottsligheten. En relevant fråga att ställa sig är ifall detta verkligen är den rätta vägen att ta? I min litteraturstudie pekar resultatet snarare på att långa fängelsevistelser riskerar skapa en rad följdkonsekvenser på både individ - och samhällsnivå för tidigare dömda personer som leder till att återanpassningen misslyckas. Men vad är lösningen på problemet med den ökade brottsligheten och hur skulle det kunna se ut istället?In Sweden, crime and criminality have become a widespread societal problem that is frequently discussed in the political - and media debate. Politicians' response to the increase in crime often tends to sharpen penalties, cancel the youth discount and give the police more authority. But is this really the right way to go? The purpose of my literature study is to investigate the consequences that former criminals face when they have made the choice to break with their old lifestyle, and to identify the various obstacles that affect their chances of being readjusted to become functioning citizens. Significant research from, among others, the USA, shows that harsher punishment is ineffective if the purpose is to reduce crime. In my literature study, conclusions point rather to the fact that longer prison stays tend to result in aggravating obstacles on both an individual - and societal level that make it harder for the individual convicted person to stop committing crimes and return to a functioning everyday life. But what is the solution to the problem with increased crime, and what could this solution look like instead

The wrong way : A literature study on ex-cons obstacles to reentry

I Sverige har brottslighet och kriminalitet blivit ett utbrett samhällsproblem som diskuteras flitigt i den politiska – och mediala debatten. Politikernas svar på den ökade gängkriminaliteten tenderar ofta att hamna i en diskussion om att skärpa straffen, slopa ungdomsrabatten och ge polisen fler maktmedel för att bekämpa brottslighet än att arbeta förebyggande med målgruppen. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser före detta kriminella möter när de har gjort valet att bryta med sin gamla livsstil, och att identifiera olika hinder som påverkar deras möjligheter att återanpassas till att bli fungerande medborgare. Betydande forskning från USA visar på att skärpta straff och långa fängelsevistelser är verkningslöst ifall syftet är att minska brottsligheten. En relevant fråga att ställa sig är ifall detta verkligen är den rätta vägen att ta? I min litteraturstudie pekar resultatet snarare på att långa fängelsevistelser riskerar skapa en rad följdkonsekvenser på både individ - och samhällsnivå för tidigare dömda personer som leder till att återanpassningen misslyckas. Men vad är lösningen på problemet med den ökade brottsligheten och hur skulle det kunna se ut istället?In Sweden, crime and criminality have become a widespread societal problem that is frequently discussed in the political - and media debate. Politicians' response to the increase in crime often tends to sharpen penalties, cancel the youth discount and give the police more authority. But is this really the right way to go? The purpose of my literature study is to investigate the consequences that former criminals face when they have made the choice to break with their old lifestyle, and to identify the various obstacles that affect their chances of being readjusted to become functioning citizens. Significant research from, among others, the USA, shows that harsher punishment is ineffective if the purpose is to reduce crime. In my literature study, conclusions point rather to the fact that longer prison stays tend to result in aggravating obstacles on both an individual - and societal level that make it harder for the individual convicted person to stop committing crimes and return to a functioning everyday life. But what is the solution to the problem with increased crime, and what could this solution look like instead

European anesthesiologists' experiences with gender-based mistreatment in the workplace: a secondary multilevel regression analysis.

BACKGROUND Workplace gender-based mistreatment (GBM) refers to negative or harmful behaviors directed towards employees. In healthcare settings, this can lead to job dissatisfaction and underperformance and potentially compromise patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine workplace GBM among European anesthesiologists and produce the first European Gender-based Mistreatment Rank in Anesthesiology. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis from a worldwide cross-sectional survey database consisting of a 46-item questionnaire exploring, among other outcomes, gender bias attributable to workplace attitudes. The survey completion rate was 80.8%. All respondents were selected from European countries. Associations between mistreatment and the remaining variables were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. A generalized linear mixed model was then used to quantify the impact of mistreatment in each European country. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS This study included 5,795 respondents from 43 European countries. The independent predictors of GBM were as follows: female gender, younger age, perceiving gender as a disadvantage for leadership, and perceiving gender as a disadvantage for research. The full model was statistically significant, indicating an ability to distinguish between those who experienced GBM and those who did not (P < 0.001). Thus, 26 European countries were ranked based on the prevalence of mistreatment, with Italy showing the best performance (lowest prevalence). CONCLUSIONS The aim of our study was to provide preliminary insight into GBM in anesthesiology in Europe, function as a key benchmark for gender equity, and chart the evolution of disparities over time

Extraintestinal manifestations of the eye in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

© 2017, Serbian Medical Society. All rights reserved. Extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis were observed in almost half of the patients. They should be distinguished from secondary illnesses and complications. The most commonly affected organs are joints, skin, eyes, liver, gallbladder, urogenital and hematopoietic system. Eye manifestations are, although rare, an important form of morbidity, with possible blindness. The prevalence is higher in women and if the bowel disease is diagnosed at younger age, but lower than in children. Considering the great impact on the life quality, sometimes higher than gastrointestinal symptoms are, the goal is to show the importance of recognition and clinical and diagnostic approach to some ophthalmic entities. Symptomology of the most common changes, iritis, episcleritis and scleritis is nonspecific, and therefore the clinical evaluation is potentially underestimated both from the patient’s and from the doctor’s point of view. Ophthalmologic examination should be more frequent and an integral part of care for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. It is necessary to be well aware of the possible symptoms on the eye diseases, because they can precede inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment and adequate control of basic systemic disease contribute to the control of eye disease

SPORTS IN BORDERLANDS: BOGOSAV ĐURĐANOVIĆ ABOUT SPORT AND EDUCATIONAL WORK (KLADOVO)

The work was created out of necessity to clearly expose social problems related to sports, as well as the mode of social life production, in the economically devastated border regions of eastern Serbia, seen from a micro sociological perspective. Long-term demographic changes, the transition problems and existential difficulties in contemporary Serbian society, have greatly impaired the image of the social status of the sport participants compared to other parts of the Balkans. Starting from the issue: whether the sporting events in the borderlands are integration factors, or are they just a product of global integration processes? The authors are make an attempt to analyze the meaning of sport in the borderlands from the perspective of sports teachers (actors in the sport) based on Bogosav Đurđanović telling about his experience as a teacher and sport player, as well as a resident of Kladovo. Analysis of the data obtained in an interview, modestly point out the importance of subjective experiences related to sport and its social function within the education sub-system and beyond. The obtained test results confirm that the sport experience only in conjunction with the energy of the younger generation, contributes to the progress of social development of the borderlands, but not only does it contribute to the social reputation of sports educators, but to the participants (actors) in the sport as well. A special emphasis of the work was made also in the description of the individual and collective achievements of our respondent (awards, medals, cups, etc.). This confirmed him as a role model in the field of sport and teacher in the borderlands of Eastern Serbia. In this thesis we have applied a qualitative style research - In-depth interview - as methodologically useful research tool in the field tests

Gender balance in the medical workplace–a snapshot into anesthesia

There is a growing interest in gender equity issues in general society and medicine. Literature shows several publications addressing female underrepresentation in medicine and doctors' perceptions on gender equity. Similar holds for anaesthesiology and perioperative intensive medicine. Despite their equal representation in medical schools, women remain a minority in many fields, and the gender ratio in the workforce, including leadership positions, is dominated by men. However, many studies support that women’s presence in a group enhances the team’s skill diversity, leads to a more stable governance and can improve patients’ outcomes. Four main explanations for the gender gap constitute the pollution theory, unconscious gender bias, motherhood penalty and impostor syndrome. Understanding these processes can help develop successful strategies to achieve gender balance. Our goals were to review evidence regarding gender and productivity, understand gender discrimination and discuss potential strategies towards achieving gender equity and equality, particularly in anaesthesiology. These insights could inform faculty development programs and help guide institutional changes. Raising awareness of the gender imbalance, having zero tolerance towards discrimination, answering the inequity situations in a goal-oriented way and developing strategies as mentorship programs should be initiated and reinforced to address the issues mentioned