Decays Z' -> \gamma\gamma\gamma{} and Z -> \gamma\gamma\gamma{} in the minimal 331 model

The possibility of a significant effect of exotic particles on the Z'->\gamma\gamma\gamma{} and Z->\gamma\gamma\gamma{} decays is investigated in the context of the minimal 331 model. This model, which is based in the SU_C(3)xSU_L(3)xU_X(1) gauge group, predicts the existence of many exotic charged particles that can significantly enhance the decay widths. It is found that the standard model prediction for the Z->\gamma\gamma\gamma{} decay remains essentially unchanged, as the new physics effects quickly decouples. On the other hand, it is found that the contributions of the new exotic quarks and gauge bosons predicted by this model lead to a branching fraction for the Z'->\gamma\gamma\gamma{} decay of about 10^(-6), which is about three orders of magnitude larger than that of the Z->\gamma\gamma\gamma{} decay.Comment: 20 pages and 20 figure

Understanding atrioventricular septal defect: Anatomoechocardiographic correlation

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>Correlate the anatomic features of atrioventricular septal defect with echocardiographic images.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>Sixty specimen hearts were studied by sequential segmental analysis. Echocardiograms were performed on 34 patients. Specimen hearts with findings equivalent to those of echocardiographic images were selected in order to establish an anatomo-echocardiographic correlation.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Thirty-three specimen hearts were in situs solitus, 19 showed dextroisomerism, 6 were in situs inversus and 2 levoisomerism. Fifty-eight had a common atrioventricular valve and 2 had two atrioventricular valves. Rastelli types were determined in 21 hearts. Nine were type A, 2 intermediate between A and B, 1 mixed between A and B, 4 type B and 5 type C. Associated anomalies included pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary atresia atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and anomalous connection of pulmonary veins. Echocardiograms revealed dextroisomerism in 12 patients, situs solitus in 11, levoisomerism in 7 and situs inversus in 4. Thirty-one patients had common atrioventricular valves and three two atrioventricular valves. Rastelli types were established in all cases with common atrioventricular valves; 17 had type A canal defects, 10 type B, 3 intermediate between A and B, 1 mixed between A and B and 3 type C. Associated anomalies included regurgitation of the atrioventricular valve, pulmonary stenosis, anomalous connection of pulmonary veins, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary atresia.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Anatomo-echocardiographic correlation demonstrated a high degree of diagnostic precision with echocardiography.</p

Carrageenan from Chondracanthus Chamissoi Algae: Extraction process and experimental evaluation as green corrosion inhibitor for P22 steel in HCl

In this study, the extraction yield of carrageenan from the algae Chondracanthus Chamissoi and its efficiency as an ecological corrosion inhibitor for P22 steel in 1 M HCl at 65°C were evaluated. The extraction of carrageenan from the algae Chondracanthus chamissoi was carried out in cold water at 25°C (CC) and hot water at 80°C (HC), with different degreasing stages prior to the extraction (0, 1 and 2 stages). The codes of the six samples of carrageenan obtained were selected in terms of the production temperature and degreasing stages as: CC-0, CC-1, CC-2, HC-0, HC-1 and HC-2. All the carrageenan samples were characterized using: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrum. The CC shows crystallinity and is mainly composed of κ-carrageenan in the presence of KCl, NaCl and K3Na(SO4)2; while the degreasing stages reduce the content of KCl and NaCl. The HC presents an amorphous structure composed of κ/ι carrageenans. The highest carrageenan extraction yielded in cold water was 21.43%, without the degreasing stage (CC-0); while, the highest carrageenan extraction yielded in hot water was 28.96% with 2 degreasing stages (HC-2). The inhibition performance was investigated using gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization resistance, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical frequency modulation. The experimental results demonstrated that all six carrageenan inhibitors act as good corrosion inhibitors for P22 steel in 1 M HCl at 65°C. However, the CC-0 presented the maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency (IEc) of 85.53% (EIS technique). In the HC, the degrease does not significantly affect IEc, allows to obtain 82.56% without degrease (EIS technique). Based on the results obtained, the extraction CC-0 and HC-0 in the same extraction process, allows to obtain a semi-refined, economical carrageenan, with a total carrageenan yield of 45.91%, and with a high IEc.Fil: Zavaleta Gutiérrez, N.. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.; PerúFil: Alvarado Loyola, L.. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.; PerúFil: Angelats Silva, L.. Universidad Privada Atenor Orrego; PerúFil: Ñique Gutierrez, N.. Universidad Nacional de Trujillo.; PerúFil: Duffó, Gustavo Sergio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Martín; Argentin

Changes in the phenylpropanoid metabolism induced by Nacobbus aberrans in chilli pepper CM334 resitant to Phytophthora capsici

[SPA] La línea endogámica de chile Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334I es resistente a Phytophthora capsici Leonian, pero Nacobbus aberrans Thorne and Allen, 1944 podría romper su resistencia en plantas previamente infectadas por el nemátodo. Éste fenómeno es conocido como “ruptura de la resistencia”. La resistencia de las plantas de chile CM334 ha sido asociada con la ruta de los fenilpropanoides. Tanto los ácidos fenólicos como los flavonoides son metabolitos sintetizados a través de esa ruta metabólica y juegan importantes funciones en la interacción planta-patógeno. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral será determinar qué cambios son inducidos por N. aberrans en la ruta fenilpropanoide que podrían convertir al tejido resistente en un substrato favorable para el establecimiento de P. capscici. Los cambios inducidos por N. aberrans en la actividad de la L-fenil alanina amonio liasa, el contenido total de fenoles solubles totales, el establecimiento de un perfil y la caracterización de ácidos fenólicos solubles y flavonoides, el efecto tóxico de los flavonoides de la raíz en nemátodos y el contenido de lignina en plantas de chile CM334 podrían ser asociados a esta ruptura de la resistencia a P. capscici en chile CM334. [ENG] The inbred chilli line Criollo de Morelos 334 (CM334) is resistant to Phytophthora capsici Leonian, but Nacobbus aberrans Thorne and Allen, 1944 could break down resistance of plants previously infected by this nematode. This phenomenon is known as “resistance breakdown”. The resistance of CM334 chilli pepper plant has been associated to the phenylpropanoid pathway. Both phenolic acids and flavonoids metabolites are synthesized in this metabolic pathway and play an important role in the plant-pathogen interaction. The goal of this PhD project will be to determine which changes are induced by N. aberrans in the phenylperopanoid pathway that could turn the resistant plant tissues into a favourable sub-stratum for the establishment of P. capscici. Changes induced by N. aberrans on L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, total soluble phenols content, the profiling and characterization of soluble phenolic acids and flavonoids, the toxic effect of root flavonoids on nematodes and the lignin content of CM334 chilli pepper plants may be associated to the breakdown of resistance to P. capscici in CM334 chilli pepper.We would like to thank the Structural Research Laboratory (SRL) at the Department of Chemistry of University of Warsaw for using HPLC–MS. SRL has been established with financial support from European Regional Development Found in the Sectorial Operational Programme “Improvement of the competitiveness of Enterprises, years 2004–2005” project no: WPK_1/1.4.3./1/2004/72/72/165/2005/U. The first author thanks Dirección General Académica of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo for the financial support to participate in WiA15

The false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans modifies the level of phenylpropanoid compounds during infection of chilli pepper

[SPA] En este trabajo, algunos metabolitos fenilpropanoide en plantas de chile CM334 infectadas por el nemátodo falso agallador Nacobbus aberrans fueron determinados. Las raíces fueron químicamente analizadas para su contenido de lignina y perfil de fenilpropanoides mediante un ensayo cuantitativo de lignina y HPLC-ESI/MS. El efecto in vitro de flavonoides en larvas juveniles (J2) de N. aberrans y Meloidogyne incognita también fue probado. El contenido de lignina fue similar en todos los tratamientos, excepto cuando M. incognita estuvo involucrado (P<0.05). Ácidos fenólicos (hidroxibenzoico –pHBA-, gálico, caféico, siríngico, ferúlico, vanílico y clorogénico) y el flavonoid quercetin-3-rutinósido fueron encontrados en el sistema radical. La concentración de los ácidos pHBA, ferúlico y clorogénico fue menor en las plantas inoculadas en comparación con el control (P<0.05) en cualquier tiempo de muestreo. El compuesto quercetin-3-rutinósido tuvo un efecto nematicida en larvas de N. aberrans, mientras que éste solamente tuvo un efecto nematostático en M. incognita. Estos resultados indican que N. aberrans modifica el nivel de compuestos fenilpropanoides durante la infección de chile. [ENG] In this work, some phenylpropanoid metabolites in CM334 chilli pepper plants infected by the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans were determined. Roots were chemically analyzed for their lignin content and phenylpropanoid profile by quantitative lignin assay and HPLC-ESI/MS. The in vitro effect of flavonoids on second-stage juveniles (J2) of N. aberrans and Meloidogyne incognita was also tested. The lignin content was similar in all treatments excepting when M. incognita was involved (P<0.05). Phenolic acids (Hidroxibenzoic -pHBA-, gallic, caffeic, syringic, ferulic, vanillic and chlorogenic) and the flavonoid quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were found in the root system. Concentration of pHBA, ferulic and chlorogenic acids was lower in inoculated plants than in the control (P<0.05) at any sampling date. Quercetin-3-O-rutinoside had a nematocidal effect on J2 of N. aberrans, whereas it only had a nemastatic effect on M. incognita. These results indicate that N. aberrans modifies the level of phenylpropanoid compounds during the infection of chilli pepper.Our thanks go to Dirección General Académica of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo for the financial support for participate in WiA2016. Thanks are due to CONACYT for financial support of the Research Project 46331-Z

Modification in the phenylpropanoid metabolism induced by the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans in chilli pepper CM334

[SPA] La resistencia del genotipo de chile CM334 contra las tres especies de nematodos agalladores y al oomiceto Phytophthora capsici ha sido asociada con la ruta fenilpropanoide del metabolismo secundario. Sin embargo, el nemátodo falso agallador de raíz Nacobbus aberrans podría inducir cambios en esta ruta. La actividad de la enzima L-fenil alanina amonio liasa (PAL) y el contenido de fenoles solubles totales (FST) fueron determinados en plantas de CM334 inoculadas con N. aberrans, P. capsici o con ambos patógenos. El perfilado de compuestos fenilpropanoide fue analizado mediante HPL-ESI/MS. Los valores más altos de la actividad de PAL y contenido de FST fueron registrados en plantas inoculadas únicamente con P. capsici, mientras aquellas plantas inoculadas con N. aberrans solo o en combinación con P. capsici mostraron los niveles más bajos (P<0.05). Ácidos fenólicos (p-HBA, gálico, caféico, siríngico, sinápico, ferúlico, vanílico, p-coumárico y clorogénico) y flavonoides (rutina, apigenina y luteolina) fueron encontrados en el follaje. El ácido clorogénico y la leutolina fueron los compuestos fenilpropanoides en mayor cantidad en CM334. La concentración de los ácidos p-HBA, clorogénico y los flavonoides fue más baja en las plantas inoculadas con N. aberrans que en el control (P<0.05) en cualquier tiempo de muestreo. N. aberrans indujo modificaciones en el metabolism fenilpropanoide. [ENG] Resistance in the genotype of chilli pepper CM334 against the three major species of root-knot nematodes and the oomycete Phytophthora capsici has been associated with the phenylpropanoid pathway of secondary metabolism. However, the false root-knot nematode Nacobbus aberrans could induces changes in this pathway. In this work, L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and the content of total soluble phenols (TSP) were determined in foliage of CM334 plants inoculated with N. aberrans, P. capsici or both pathogens. Besides, the phenylpropanoid profile was analyzed by HPLC-ESI/MS. The highest values of PAL activity and content of TSP were registered in plants inoculated only with P. capsici, while those plants inoculated with N. aberrans alone or in combination with P. capsici showed the lowest level (P<0.05). Phenolic acids (p-HBA, gallic, caffeic, syringic, sinapic, ferulic, vanillic, p-coumaric and chlorogenic) and flavonoids (rutin, apigenin and luteolin) were found in foliage. Chlorogenic acid and luteolin were the phenylpropanoid compounds in highest quantity in CM334. Concentration of p-hidroxy benzoic and chlorogenic acids and flavonoids was lower in plants inoculated with N. aberrans than in the control (P<0.05) at any sampling date. These results confirm that N. aberrans induced modifications in phenylpropanoid metabolism.Our thanks go to Dirección General Académica of Universidad Autónoma Chapingo for the financial support for participate in WiA17. We also appreciate at the Structural Research Laboratory (University of Warsaw, Poland) for using HPLC-ESI-MS

Natural history of double inlet left ventricle and pulmonary hypertension in an adult patient.

Almost 80% of univentricular cardiac malformations with left morphology consist of a double inlet left ventricle (DILV). We report on the natural history of a 28-year-old male patient with DILV and ventriculoarterial discordance, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary hypertension and juxtaductal aortic coarctation. (Level of Difficulty: Intermediate.

A Hybrid Least Squares and Principal Component Analysis Algorithm for Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for detecting and quantifying analytes in chemical mixtures. A critical part of Raman spectroscopy is the use of a computer algorithm to analyze the measured Raman spectra. The most commonly used algorithm is the classical least squares method, which is popular due to its speed and ease of implementation. However, it is sensitive to inaccuracies or variations in the reference spectra of the analytes (compounds of interest) and the background. Many algorithms, primarily multivariate calibration methods, have been proposed that increase robustness to such variations. In this study, we propose a novel method that improves robustness even further by explicitly modeling variations in both the background and analyte signals. More specifically, it extends the classical least squares model by allowing the declared reference spectra to vary in accordance with the principal components obtained from training sets of spectra measured in prior characterization experiments. The amount of variation allowed is constrained by the eigenvalues of this principal component analysis. We compare the novel algorithm to the least squares method with a low-order polynomial residual model, as well as a state-of-the-art hybrid linear analysis method. The latter is a multivariate calibration method designed specifically to improve robustness to background variability in cases where training spectra of the background, as well as the mean spectrum of the analyte, are available. We demonstrate the novel algorithm’s superior performance by comparing quantitative error metrics generated by each method. The experiments consider both simulated data and experimental data acquired from in vitro solutions of Raman-enhanced gold-silica nanoparticles

Presencia masiva de Penicillium en harina de maíz distribuidas en Cusco-Perú.

Penicillium presenta una gran distribución en la naturaleza, contamina productos alimenticios como cereales, semillas oleaginosas, frutas y otros productos agrícolas, en la etapa de producción y almacenamiento; constituyendo un riesgo potencial para la salud humana, por producir micotoxinas. El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar especies de Penicillium contaminantes de harina de maíz para consumo humano, que se expenden en centros de abasto de Wanchaq y Ttio de la ciudad del Cusco. La identificación de especies se realizó por el método de observaciones macroscópicas de colonias y microscópicas de conidios y &nbsp;&nbsp;cuerpos conidiogenos, el muestreo se hizo en todos los centros de expendio de harina de maíz en ambos mercados. Se aislaron 50 cepas de Penicillium, de 30 muestras; se determinó 17 especies, las más frecuentes fueron P. miczynskii con 18%, P. citrinum con 14% y P. melinii y P. corylophilum con 12% cada una; las especies menos frecuentes fueron P. citreonigrum, P. arenicola, E. shearii, P. oxalicum, P. pinophilum, P. olsonii, P. commune y P. chrysogenum con 2% cada una. &nbsp;El 66% de muestras de harina de maíz están contaminadas con especies reportadas como productoras de micotoxinas como:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; P. citreonigrum, P. citrinum, P. commune y P. islandicum, P. miczynskii, P. melinii, P corylophilum, P. oxalicum, P. pinophilum, y P. chrysogenum

Vertical structure use by the Stout Iguana (Cyclura pinguis) on Guana Island, BVI

The Stout Iguana (Cyclura pinguis) is a critically endangered species endemic to the Puerto Rico Bank and currently restricted to the British Virgin Islands (BVI). Our study on Guana Island, BVI, focused on vertical structure use by adult (n = 4) and juvenile (n = 11) iguanas with tracking bobbins. We recorded structure types used, heights attained on structures, distances between structures, and structure sizes. We found that Stout Iguanas used vertical structure more than previously documented. Trees comprised a significantly greater (P &lt;&nbsp; 0.001) proportion of structures used by juveniles than by adults, whereas rocks comprised the greatest proportion of structures used by adults. In addition to differential structure use, juveniles climbed significantly higher (2.4 vs. 0.9 m on average; P &lt; 0.001) than adults. We found no difference in the diameter or distance between structures used by adults and juveniles. Our results suggest that vertical structure use may be an important habitat element for free-ranging juvenile Stout Iguanas. Habitat management that provides vertical structure may be advantageous for the conservation of this species