677 research outputs found
Addressing neuroticism in psychological treatment
Neuroticism has long been associated with psychopathology and there is increasing evidence that this trait represents a shared vulnerability responsible for the development and maintenance of a range of common mental disorders. Given that neuroticism may be more malleable than previously thought, targeting this trait in treatment, rather than its specific manifestations (e.g., anxiety, mood, and personality disorders), may represent a more efficient and cost-effective approach to psychological treatment. The goals of the current manuscript are to (a) review the role of neuroticism in the development of common mental disorders, (b) describe the evidence of its malleability, and (c) review interventions that have been explicitly developed to target this trait in treatment. Implications for shifting the focus of psychological treatment to underlying vulnerabilities, such as neuroticism, rather than on the manifest symptoms of mental health conditions, are also discussed.First author draf
The structure and assembly history of cluster-size haloes in Self-Interacting Dark Matter
We perform dark-matter-only simulations of 28 relaxed massive cluster-sized
haloes for Cold Dark Matter (CDM) and Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM)
models, to study structural differences between the models at large radii,
where the impact of baryonic physics is expected to be very limited. We find
that the distributions for the radial profiles of the density, ellipsoidal axis
ratios, and velocity anisotropies () of the haloes differ considerably
between the models (at the level), even at of the
virial radius, if the self-scattering cross section is cm
gr. Direct comparison with observationally inferred density profiles
disfavours SIDM for cm gr, but in an intermediate
radial range ( of the virial radius), where the impact of baryonic
physics is uncertain. At this level of the cross section, we find a narrower
distribution in SIDM, clearly skewed towards isotropic orbits, with no
SIDM (90\% of CDM) haloes having at of the virial radius. We
estimate that with an observational sample of (
M) relaxed clusters, can potentially be used to put competitive
constraints on SIDM, once observational uncertainties improve by a factor of a
few. We study the suppression of the memory of halo assembly history in SIDM
clusters. For cm gr, we find that this happens
only in the central halo regions ( of the scale radius of the halo),
and only for haloes that assembled their mass within this region earlier than a
formation redshift . Otherwise, the memory of assembly remains and is
reflected in ways similar to CDM, albeit with weaker trends.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to MNRAS. Revisions: added new figure
with an observational comparison of density profiles, improvements and
corrections to the section on velocity anisotropie
Spinflation
We study the cosmological implications of including angular motion in the DBI
brane inflation scenario. The non-canonical kinetic terms of the
Dirac-Born-Infeld action give an interesting alternative to slow roll
inflation, and cycling branes can drive periods of accelerated expansion in the
Universe. We present explicit numerical solutions demonstrating brane inflation
in the Klebanov-Strassler throat. We find that demanding sufficient inflation
takes place in the throat is in conflict with keeping the brane's total energy
low enough so that local gravitational backreaction on the Calabi-Yau manifold
can be safely ignored. We deduce that spinflation (brane inflation with angular
momentum) can ease this tension by providing extra e-foldings at the start of
inflation. Cosmological expansion rapidly damps the angular momentum causing an
exit to a more conventional brane inflation scenario. Finally, we set up a
general framework for cosmological perturbation theory in this scenario, where
we have multi-field non-standard kinetic term inflation.Comment: 29 pages, 6 figures, minor changes, typos fixed, to appear in JCA
A functional analysis of two transdiagnostic, emotion-focused interventions on nonsuicidal self-injury
OBJECTIVE: Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is prevalent and associated with clinically significant consequences. Developing time-efficient and cost-effective interventions for NSSI has proven difficult given that the critical components for NSSI treatment remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the specific effects of mindful emotion awareness training and cognitive reappraisal, 2 transdiagnostic treatment strategies that purportedly address the functional processes thought to maintain self-injurious behavior, on NSSI urges and acts.
METHOD: Using a counterbalanced, combined series (multiple baseline and data-driven phase change) aggregated single-case experimental design, the unique and combined impact of these 2 4-week interventions was evaluated among 10 diagnostically heterogeneous self-injuring adults. Ecological momentary assessment was used to provide daily ratings of NSSI urges and acts during all study phases.
RESULTS: Eight of 10 participants demonstrated clinically meaningful reductions in NSSI; 6 participants responded to 1 intervention alone, whereas 2 participants responded after the addition of the alternative intervention. Group analyses indicated statistically significant overall effects of study phase on NSSI, with fewer NSSI urges and acts occurring after the interventions were introduced. The interventions were also associated with moderate to large reductions in self-reported levels of anxiety and depression, and large improvements in mindful emotion awareness and cognitive reappraisal skills.
CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that brief mindful emotion awareness and cognitive reappraisal interventions can lead to reductions in NSSI urges and acts. Transdiagnostic, emotion-focused therapeutic strategies delivered in time-limited formats may serve as practical yet powerful treatment approaches, especially for lower-risk self-injuring individuals.Dr. Barlow receives royalties from Oxford University Press, Guilford Publications Inc., Cengage Learning, and Pearson Publishing. Grant monies for various projects come from the National Institute of Mental Health (F31MH100761), the National Institute of Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse, and Colciencias (Government of Columbia Initiative for Science, Technology, and Health Innovation). Consulting and honoraria during the past several years have come from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Foundation for Informed Medical Decision Making, the Department of Defense, the Renfrew Center, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Universidad Catolica de Santa Maria (Arequipa, Peru), New Zealand Psychological Association, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mayo Clinic, and various American Universities. (F31MH100761 - National Institute of Mental Health; National Institute of Alcohol and Alcohol Abuse; Colciencias (Government of Columbia Initiative for Science, Technology, and Health Innovation))Accepted manuscrip
Lingual development of dysplastic and neoplastic lesions in laboratory animals
Los modelos experimentales juegan un papel importante
en las ciencias biomédicas en la elucidación de la patogénesis
de diferentes trastornos que afectan a los organismos
vivos, incluyendo los seres humanos y también son
útiles para: el estudio de la base molecular involucrada en
cualquier enfermedad, en el desarrollo de marcadores de
diagnóstico y en la evaluación de la eficacia y la seguridad
de las diferentes opciones de tratamiento, incluyendo terapias
farmacológicas potenciales.
Para conseguir el desarrollo y progresión de las lesiones
neoplásicas orales se necesita la presencia de factores generales
y aquellos que son específicos para el medio oral,
lo que lleva, en consecuencia, a este proyecto cuyo objetivo
principal es el desarrollo de un modelo experimental
de cáncer oral en ratas.
Materiales y métodos: se utilizó 4- (4-nitroquinolina-1-óxido)
para inducir tumores en la mucosa oral en ratas de
acuerdo con protocolos previamente establecidos.
Resultados: Las primeras lesiones clínicamente sospechosas
se desarrollaron en los 3 meses de iniciado el experimento.
Los tejidos fueron removidos en dos etapas y las
muestras fijadas, procesadas y examinadas por microscopía
de luz. Las muestras mostraron patrones consistentes
con displasia intraepitelial y con carcinoma de células
adminisescamosas.
Se espera que este desarrollo de modelo experimental
sirva como base para futuros estudios sobre
mecanismos y comportamientos biológicos de los tejidos
orales, así como modelo de aplicación terapéutica.Experimental models play an important role in biomedical
sciences in elucidating the pathogenesis of different
disorders that affect living organisms, including humans,
and are also useful for: studying the molecular basis involved
in any disease, in development of diagnostic markers
and in evaluating the efficacy and safety of different
treatment options, including potential drug therapies.
There are general factors and those that are specific to
the oral environment, leading to the development and
progression of neoplastic lesions of the oral cavity, accordingly,
make this project whose main objective is to
develop an experimental model of oral cancer in rats.
Materials and methods: we used 4-(4-nitroquinoline-
1-oxide) to induce tumors in the oral mucosa in rats
according to previously established protocols.
Results: The first clinically suspicious lesions developed at
3 months into the experiment, the tissue was removed
and fixed samples, processed and examined by light microscopy.
The samples showed patterns consistent with
intraepithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. It
hopes to develop an experimental model as a basis for
further study of basic and clinical application.Fil: Zavala, Walther David.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de OdontologíaFil: Cavicchia, Juan Carlos.
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Odontologí
Recommended from our members
Analysis of processes operative within plywood during hot pressing
In plywood manufacture, the interaction of wood with
resin during hot pressing is responsible for the
development of glue bond strength and hence panel quality.
In this study, temperature and vapor pressure distributions
and compaction of laminates were measured during pressing.
Analysis of these factors emphasized boards formed under
conventional (standard) conditions. However, some laminates
were also studied with modified veneer moisture contents
and platen pressures.
By analysing data generated from laminates during
pressing in the laboratory, the nature of interdepencence
between heat transfer, vapor pressure accumulation and
board compaction and how they are affected by veneer
moisture content and platen pressure were considered.
Complementary to the above work, the rate of strength
development of phenol-formaldehyde resin forming a bond
between wood wafers was determined. Bonds were formed under
a range of steady-state temperatures and immediately tested
in shear mode. Curves of bond strength versus pressing time were derived for each of the eight temperatures used.
The relationship between rate of bond strength
development, temperature and pressing time was quantified.
At elevated temperatures very rapid resin curing was
observed compared to that at lower temperatures. Open
assembly time, resin pot life and wood wafer
characteristics did not have a significant effects on the
rate of curing of the resin under the range of conditions
used in this project.
The data generated from both experiments were combined
to derive a model for predicting glue bond strength
development at various locations in the laminate during
hot pressing. The principle for the construction of the
model is described as well as factors which should be
accounted for in future refinements.
Quantitive analysis of the interaction of these
variables will aid in optimising the manufacture of
plywood. The use of high MC veneers and selection of
appropriate pressing variables depends upon such analysis.
The development of new materials and evaluation of new
adhesive systems are longer term goals
Laser diode area melting for high speed additive manufacturing of metallic components
Additive manufacturing processes have been developed to a stage where they can now be routinely used to manufacture net-shape high-value components. Selective Laser Melting (SLM) comprises of either a single or multiple deflected high energy fibre laser source(s) to raster scan, melt and fuse layers of metallic powdered feedstock. However this deflected laser raster scanning methodology is high cost, energy inefficient and encounters significant limitations on output productivity due to the rate of feedstock melting.
This work details the development of a new additive manufacturing process known as Diode Area Melting (DAM). This process utilises customised architectural arrays of low power laser diode emitters for high speed parallel processing of metallic feedstock. Individually addressable diode emitters are used to selectively melt feedstock from a pre-laid powder bed. The laser diodes operate at shorter laser wavelengths (808 nm) than conventional SLM fibre lasers (1064 nm) theoretically enabling more efficient energy absorption for specific materials. The melting capabilities of the DAM process were tested for low melting point eutectic BiZn2.7 elemental powders and higher temperature pre-alloyed 17-4 stainless steel powder. The process was shown to be capable of fabricating controllable geometric features with evidence of complete melting and fusion between multiple powder layers
Experiential avoidance as a mechanism of change across cognitive-behavioral therapy in a sample of participants with heterogeneous anxiety disorders
Despite the substantial evidence that supports the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of anxiety and related disorders, our understanding of mechanisms of change throughout treatment remains limited. The goal of the current study was to examine changes in experiential avoidance across treatment in a sample of participants (N = 179) with heterogeneous anxiety disorders receiving various cognitive-behavioral therapy protocols. Univariate latent growth curve models were conducted to examine change in experiential avoidance across treatment, followed by parallel process latent growth curve models to examine the relationship between change in experiential avoidance and change in anxiety symptoms. Finally, bivariate latent difference score models were conducted to examine the temporal precedence of change in experiential avoidance and change in anxiety. Results indicated that there were significant reductions in experiential avoidance across cognitive-behavioral treatment, and that change in experiential avoidance was significantly associated with change in anxiety. Results from the latent difference score models indicated that change in experiential avoidance preceded and predicted subsequent changes in anxiety, whereas change in anxiety did not precede and predict subsequent changes in experiential avoidance. Taken together, these results provide additional support for reductions in experiential avoidance as a transdiagnostic mechanism in cognitive-behavioral therapy.First author draf
Current definitions of “transdiagnostic” in treatment development: A search for consensus
Research in psychopathology has identified psychological processes that are relevant across a range of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) mental disorders, and these efforts have begun to produce treatment principles and protocols that can be applied transdiagnostically. However, review of recent work suggests that there has been great variability in conceptions of the term “transdiagnostic” in the treatment development literature. We believe that there is value in arriving at a common understanding of the term “transdiagnostic.” The purpose of the current manuscript is to outline three principal ways in which the term “transdiagnostic” is currently used, to delineate treatment approaches that fall into these three categories, and to consider potential advantages and disadvantages of each approachFirst author draf
A merger in the dusty, galaxy A1689-zD1?
The gravitationally-lensed galaxy A1689-zD1 is one of the most distant
spectroscopically confirmed sources (). It is the earliest known galaxy
where the interstellar medium (ISM) has been detected; dust emission was
detected with the Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA). A1689-zD1 is also
unusual among high-redshift dust emitters as it is a sub-L* galaxy and is
therefore a good prospect for the detection of gaseous ISM in a more typical
galaxy at this redshift. We observed A1689-zD1 with ALMA in bands 6 and 7 and
with the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) in band . To study the structure of
A1689-zD1, we map the mm thermal dust emission and find two spatial components
with sizes about \,kpc (lensing-corrected). The rough spatial
morphology is similar to what is observed in the near-infrared with {\it HST}
and points to a perturbed dynamical state, perhaps indicative of a major merger
or a disc in early formation. The ALMA photometry is used to constrain the
far-infrared spectral energy distribution, yielding a dust temperature (--\,K for ). We do not detect the CO(3-2) line
in the GBT data with a 95\% upper limit of 0.3\,mJy observed. We find a slight
excess emission in ALMA band~6 at 220.9\,GHz. If this excess is real, it is
likely due to emission from the [CII] 158.8\,m line at . The stringent upper limits on the [CII]/ luminosity ratio
suggest a [CII] deficit similar to several bright quasars and massive
starbursts.Comment: 9 pages, accepted to MNRAS, in pres
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