Interleukin-10 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II are potential biomarkers of Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnant women: a case-control study from Nanoro, Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy is problematic due to the low sensitivity of conventional diagnostic tests (rapid diagnostic test and microscopy), which is exacerbated due to low peripheral parasite densities, and lack of clinical symptoms. In this study, six potential biomarkers to support malaria diagnosis in pregnancy were evaluated. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from pregnant women at antenatal clinic visits and at delivery. Microscopy and real-time PCR were performed for malaria diagnosis and biomarker analyses were performed by ELISA (interleukin 10, IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II, sTNF-RII; soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, sFlt-1; leptin and apolipoprotein B, Apo-B). A placental biopsy was collected at delivery to determine placental malaria. RESULTS: IL-10 and sTNF-RII were significantly higher at all time-points in malaria-infected women (p < 0.001). Both markers were also positively associated with parasite density (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003 for IL-10 and sTNF-RII respectively). IL-10 levels at delivery, but not during pregnancy, were negatively associated with birth weight. A prediction model was created using IL-10 and sTNF-RII cut-off points. For primigravidae the model had a sensitivity of 88.9% (95%CI 45.7-98.7%) and specificity of 83.3% (95% CI 57.1-94.9%) for diagnosing malaria during pregnancy. For secundi- and multigravidae the sensitivity (81.8% and 56.5% respectively) was lower, while specificity (100.0% and 94.3% respectively) was relatively high. Sub-microscopic infections were detected in 2 out of 3 secundi- and 5 out of 12 multigravidae. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of biomarkers IL-10 and sTNF-RII have the potential to support malaria diagnosis in pregnancy. Additional markers may be needed to increase sensitivity and specificity, this is of particular importance in populations with sub-microscopic infections or in whom other inflammatory diseases are prevalent

Interleukin-10 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II are potential biomarkers of Plasmodium falciparum infections in pregnant women: a case-control study from Nanoro, Burkina Faso

Background: Diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy is problematic due to the low sensitivity of conventional diagnostic tests (rapid diagnostic test and microscopy), which is exacerbated due to low peripheral parasite densities, and lack of clinical symptoms. In this study, six potential biomarkers to support malaria diagnosis in pregnancy were evaluated.Methods: Blood samples were collected from pregnant women at antenatal clinic visits and at delivery. Microscopy and real-time PCR were performed for malaria diagnosis and biomarker analyses were performed by ELISA (interleukin 10, IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α; soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II, sTNF-RII; soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1, sFlt-1; leptin and apolipoprotein B, Apo-B). A placental biopsy was collected at delivery to determine placental malaria.Results: IL-10 and sTNF-RII were significantly higher at all time-points in malaria-infected women (p < 0.001). Both markers were also positively associated with parasite density (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003 for IL-10 and sTNF-RII respectively). IL-10 levels at delivery, but not during pregnancy, were negatively associated with birth weight. A prediction model was created using IL-10 and sTNF-RII cut-off points. For primigravidae the model had a sensitivity of 88.9% (95%CI 45.7–98.7%) and specificity of 83.3% (95% CI 57.1–94.9%) for diagnosing malaria during pregnancy. For secundi- and multigravidae the sensitivity (81.8% and 56.5% respectively) was lower, while specificity (100.0% and 94.3% respectively) was relatively high. Sub-microscopic infections were detected in 2 out of 3 secundi- and 5 out of 12 multigravidae.Conclusions: The combination of biomarkers IL-10 and sTNF-RII have the potential to support malaria diagnosis in pregnancy. Additional markers may be needed to increase sensitivity and specificity, this is of particular importance in populations with sub-microscopic infections or in whom other inflammatory diseases are prevalent

Agro biodiversité et élaboration d&8217;un modèle architectural du palmier dattier au Sahel : cas du Niger

Le Sahel est une zone aride aujourd'hui menacée par les changements climatiques qui entrainent une grande vulnérabilité sociale et environnementale. L'agriculture des pays sahéliens doit faire face à cette évolution pour assurer la sécurité alimentaire de leurs populations croissantes. L'utilisation d'espèces végétales de grande plasticité phénologique comme le palmier dattier (Phoenix dactylifera L.,), fait partie des réponses face à des conditions pédoclimatiques difficiles auxquelles peu de plantes sont adaptées. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'améliorer nos connaissances sur les pratiques culturales, les savoirs locaux autour du palmier dattier et la diversité génétique et morphologique de cette espèce afin de promouvoir le développement durable de l'agriculture oasienne au Sahel. Ainsi, nous avons conduit une enquête socio-économique auprès de 30 producteurs de palmier dattier dans 14 villages du Sud-Est du Niger. Parallèlement à cette enquête nous avons collecté 113 échantillons de jeunes folioles, prélevées sur 31 mâles et 82 femelles de palmier dattier dans 19 cuvettes oasiennes. Notre étude a permis d'identifier 19 variétés-populations de palmier dattier distinguées sur la base de la couleur du fruit. Le palmier dattier présente une particularité de double floraison associée à deux saisons de productions de dattes dans le Sahel. La période février-juillet est la plus productive mais l'arrivée précoce des pluies limite la qualité des fruits. L'évaluation des connaissances locales associées à la phoeniciculture a permis d'établir que même si les pratiques culturales sont moins développées que dans le Nord du pays ou dans le Maghreb, les profits dégagés par la culture des dattes contribuent considérablement à la survie des ménages. Par ailleurs, l'analyse génétique des palmiers dattiers du Sud-est du Niger a montré qu'ils constituent un groupe original avec une grande diversité génétique. De plus, cette ressource appartient au pool génétique occidental et est l'une des moins introgressée par des contributions génétiques orientales. L'analyse génétique globale révèle un nouveau groupe au Sud-est Niger différent de celui d'Afrique du Nord et soulève la question de son origine. Enfin, nous avons mis en évidence l'existence de traits architecturaux discriminant les palmiers dattiers du Sahel. Nous avons ainsi élaboré un modèle architectural permettant le calcul de l'interception lumineuse et des espacements nécessaires pour une bonne cohabitation des palmiers et des cultures sous-jacentes afin d'optimiser la production agricole. Notre étude a montré que la culture du palmier dattier constitue un élément clé pour l'amélioration des conditions de vie des populations, la lutte contre la malnutrition et l'équilibre agro-écologique dans le Sahel. Elle constitue un préalable indispensable à la conservation, la valorisation et l'amélioration du patrimoine phoenicicole. Enfin, le modèle architectural fonctionnel permettra de mettre à disposition un outil opérationnel pour la gestion durable des cultures du palmier dattier au Sahel

Incontinence urinaire de la femme en milieu urbain au Burkina Faso: Enquête épidemiologique auprès de 759 femmes à Bobo Dioulasso

Objectifs : Déterminer la prévalence de l'incontinence urinaire, identifier les facteurs de risque et apprécier les retentissements de cette affection sur la vie des femmes. Patientes et méthodes : Etude prospective et transversale sur l'incontinence urinaire (UI) de la femme en milieu urbain au Burkina Faso. Il s'agit d'une enquête épidémiologique qui s'est déroulée de janvier 2003 à avril 2003 auprès de 759 femmes se rendant dans quelques formations sanitaires de la ville de Bobo-Dioulasso. Résultats : L'age moyen des femmes était de 29,8 ans, la gestité et la parité moyenne respectivement de 3 et 2,6. La majorité d'entre elles (63,6%) étaient des femmes au foyer dont 65,5% de mariées. La prévalence globale de l'IU était de 21,3% et l'incontinence urinaire d'effort (IUE) était le type dominant (54,6%). Concernant les facteurs de risque, seules la dystocie, les in-fections urinaires à répétition, la constipation chronique, l'épisiotomie et l'obésité restaient associés significativement à la survenue de l'IU, après une analyse multivariée utilisant le mode de régression logistique. Le retentissement de l'IU a été apprécié en terme de coût physique et surtout psychosocial ; le coût économique étant impossible à évaluer dans notre contexte. Conclusion : L'incontinence urinaire est fréquente dans notre région malgré le peu de cas vus dans les services de gynécologie et d'urologie. Une enquête de ce type réalisée en population générale et à l'échelle nationale permettrait de mieux apprécier l'amp-leur du problème et identifier les éléments nécessaires à une stratégie de prise en charge adéquate de cette pathologie. Female Urinary Incontinence in an Urban Area in Burkina Faso: Epidemiological Study of 759 Women in the City of Bobo-Dioulasso Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence, identify its risk factors and describe its effects on the life of women affected by it in an urban area in Burkina Faso. Patients and Methods: This prospective study was carried out between January and April 2003 and was based on interviews with 759 female patients presenting to the Department of Urology, Sanou Souro Teaching Hospital, and five other medical centers in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso. By means of a questionnaire we collected information on socio-demographic patient characteristics, history of previous surgical or gynecological interventions, type of urine loss and the effects of urinary incontinence on the patients\' physical, psychological and economical condition. Results: The mean age of the patients was 29,8 years. The majority (63.6%) were housewives, 65.5% of them married. The overall prevalence of urinary incontinence was 21,3% with a predominance (54,6%) of stress urinary incontinence. Multivariate analysis of the risk factors (using the logistic regression model) showed that the following risk factors were significantly associated with urinary incontinence: dystocia, repeated urinary tract infections, chronic constipation, episiotomy and obesity. The physical and psycho-social effect of urinary incontinence on the patients is described. Conclusion: Urinary incontinence is frequently encountered in our environment although only few cases are seen in our gynecology and urology departments. A population-based investigation on a national scale will allow for a better judgment of the actual extent of the problem and will help to establish a strategy on how to better control it. African Journal of Urology Vol.11(1) 2005: 45-5

Plasmonic Biosensors for the Detection of Lung Cancer Biomarkers: A Review

International audienceLung cancer is the most common and deadliest cancer type globally. Its early diagnosis can guarantee a five-year survival rate. Unfortunately, application of the available diagnosis methods such as computed tomography, chest radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, low-dose CT scan, bone scans, positron emission tomography (PET), and biopsy is hindered due to one or more problems, such as phenotypic properties of tumours that prevent early detection, invasiveness, expensiveness, and time consumption. Detection of lung cancer biomarkers using a biosensor is reported to solve the problems. Among biosensors, optical biosensors attract greater attention due to being ultra-sensitive, free from electromagnetic interference, capable of wide dynamic range detection, free from the requirement of a reference electrode, free from electrical hazards, highly stable, capable of multiplexing detection, and having the potential for more information content than electrical transducers. Inspired by promising features of plasmonic sensors, including surface plasmon resonance (SPR), localised surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) such as ultra-sensitivity, single particle/molecular level detection capability, multiplexing capability, photostability, real-time measurement, label-free measurement, room temperature operation, naked-eye readability, and the ease of miniaturisation without sophisticated sensor chip fabrication and instrumentation, numerous plasmonic sensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers have been investigated. In this review, the principle plasmonic sensor is explained. In addition, novel strategies and modifications adopted for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers such as miRNA, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratins, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using plasmonic sensors are also reported. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of the plasmonic biosensors for the detection of lung cancer biomarkers are highlighted

Magnitude of low birthweight in malaria endemic settings of Nanoro, rural Burkina Faso: a secondary data analysis.

Low birthweight (LBW) is a worldwide problem that particularly affects developing countries. However, limited information is available on its magnitude in rural area of Burkina Faso. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of low birthweight and to identify its associated factors in Nanoro health district. A secondary analysis of data collected during a cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of low birthweight in Nanoro health and demographic surveillance system area (HDSS). Maternal characteristics extracted from antenatal care books or by interview, completed by malaria diagnosis were examined through a multi-level logistic regression to estimate odd-ratios of association with low birthweight. Significance level was set at 5%. Of the 291 neonates examined, the prevalence of low birthweight was 12%. After adjustment for socio-demographic, obstetric and malaria prevention variables, being primigravid (OR = 8.84, [95% CI: 3.72-21.01]), or multigravid with history of stillbirth (OR = 5.03, [95% CI: 1.54-16.40]), as well as the lack of long-lasting insecticide treated bed net use by the mother the night preceding the admission for delivery (OR = 2.5, [95% CI: 1.1-5.9]) were significantly associated with neonate low birthweight. The number of antenatal visits however did not confer any direct benefit on birthweight status within this study area. The prevalence of low birthweight was high in the study area and represents an important public health problem in Burkina Faso. In light of these results, a redefinition of the content of the antenatal care package is needed

Integration of ethnobotany and population genetics uncovers the agrobiodiversity of date palms of Siwa Oasis (Egypt) and their importance to the evolutionary history of the species

Crop diversity is shaped by biological and social processes interacting at different spatiotemporal scales. Here we combined population genetics and ethnobotany to investigate date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) diversity in Siwa Oasis, Egypt. Based on interviews with farmers and observation of practices in the field, we collected 149 date palms from Siwa Oasis and 27 uncultivated date palms from abandoned oases in the surrounding desert. Using genotyping data from 18 nuclear and plastid microsatellite loci, we confirmed that some named types each constitute a clonal line, i.e. a true-to-type cultivar. We also found that others are collections of clonal lines, i.e. ethnovarieties, or even unrelated samples, i.e. local categories. This alters current assessments of agrobiodiversity, which are visibly underestimated, and uncovers the impact of low-intensity, but highly effective, farming practices on biodiversity. These hardly observable practices, hypothesized by ethnographic survey and confirmed by genetic analysis, are enabled by the way Isiwans conceive and classify living beings in their oasis, which do not quite match the way biologists do: a classic disparity of etic vs. emic categorizations. In addition, we established that Siwa date palms represent a unique and highly diverse genetic cluster, rather than a subset of North African and Middle Eastern palm diversity. As previously shown, North African date palms display evidence of introgression by the wild relative Phoenix theophrasti, and we found that the uncultivated date palms from the abandoned oases share even more alleles with this species than cultivated palms in this region. The study of Siwa date palms could hence be a key to the understanding of date palm diversification in North Africa. Integration of ethnography and population genetics promoted the understanding of the interplay between diversity management in the oasis (short-time scale), and the origins and dynamic of diversity through domestication and diversification (long-time scale)

Malaria and curable sexually transmitted and reproductive tract coinfection among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso.

BACKGROUND: Malaria and sexually transmitted/reproductive tract infections (STI/RTI) are leading and preventable causes of low birthweight in sub-Saharan Africa. Reducing their impact on pregnancy outcomes requires efficient interventions that can be easily integrated into the antenatal care package. The paucity of data on malaria and STI/RTI coinfection, however, limits efforts to control these infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of malaria and STI/RTI coinfection among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 402 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at the Yako health district. Sociodemographic and behavioral data were collected, and pregnant women were tested for peripheral malaria by microscopy. Hemoglobin levels were also measured by spectrophotometry and curable bacterial STI/RTI were tested on cervico-vaginal swabs using rapid diagnostic test for chlamydia and syphilis, and Gram staining for bacterial vaginosis. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the association of malaria and STI/RTI coinfection with the characteristics of included pregnant women. RESULTS: The prevalence of malaria and at least one STI/RTI coinfection was 12.9% (95% confidence interval, CI: [9.8-16.7]), malaria and bacterial vaginosis coinfection was 12.2% (95% CI: [9.3-15.9]), malaria and chlamydial coinfection was 1.6% (95% CI: [0.6-3.8]). No coinfection was reported for malaria and syphilis. The individual prevalence was 17.2%, 7.2%, 0.6%, 67.7% and 73.3%, respectively, for malaria infection, chlamydia, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis and STI/RTI combination. Only 10% of coinfections were symptomatic, and thus, 90% of women with coinfection would have been missed by the symptoms-based diagnostic approach. In the multivariate analysis, the first pregnancy (aOR = 2.4 [95% CI: 1.2-4.7]) was the only factor significantly associated with malaria and STI/RTI coinfection. Clinical symptoms were not associated with malaria and STI/RTI coinfection. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malaria and curable STI/RTI coinfection was high among pregnant women. The poor performance of the clinical symptoms to predict coinfection suggests that alternative interventions are needed