Behavioral and Neurophysiological Effects of Transdermal Rotigotine in Atypical Parkinsonism

Effective therapies for the so-called atypical parkinsonian syndrome (APS) such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), or corticobasal syndrome (CBS) are not available. Dopamine agonists (DA) are not often used in APS because of inefficacy and in a minority of case, their side effects, like dyskinesias, impairment of extrapyramidal symptoms or the appearance of psychosis, and REM sleep behavioral disorders (RBD). Transdermal rotigotine (RTG) is a non-ergot dopamine agonist indicated for use in early and advanced Parkinson’s disease with a good tolerability and safety. Moreover, its action on a wide range of dopamine receptors, D1, D2, D3, unlike other DA, could make it a good option in APS, where a massive dopamine cell loss is documented. In this pilot, observational open-label study we evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of RTG in patients affected by APS. Thirty-two subjects with diagnosis of APS were treated with transdermal RTG. APS diagnosis was: MSA parkinsonian type (MSA-P), MSA cerebellar type (MSA-C), PSP, and CBS. Patients were evaluated by UPDRS-III, neuropsychiatric inventory, mini mental state examination at baseline, and after 6, 12, and 18 months. The titration schedule was maintained very flexible, searching the major clinical effect and the minor possible adverse events (AEs) at each visit. AEs were recorded. APS patients treated with RTG show an overall decrease of UPDRS-III scores without increasing behavioral disturbances. Only three patients were dropped out of the study. Main AEs were hypotension, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and tachycardia. The electroencephalographic recording power spectra analysis shows a decrease of theta and an increase of low alpha power. In conclusion, transdermal RTG seems to be effective and well tolerated in APS patients

Comparison of the effects of transdermal and oral rivastigmine on cognitive function and EEG markers in patients with Alzheimer’s disease

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in older patients. Rivastigmine (RV, Exelon®, Novartis), a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor, improves clinical manifestations of AD and may enhance ACh-modulated electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha frequency. This pilot study aimed to determine the effects of two formulations of RV (transdermal patch [TV-RDP] and oral capsules [TV-CP]) on alpha frequency, in particular the posterior dominant rhythm, and cognitive function (assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) in patients with AD.Methods: Subjects with AD were assigned to receive either RV-TDP 10 cm2 or RV-CP 12 mg/day. All patients underwent EEG recordings at the beginning and end of the 18-month study period using P3, P4, O1 and O2 electrodes, each at high (10.5–13.0 Hz) and low (8.0–10.5 Hz) frequency. MMSE scores were determined at the start of the study (T0) and at three successive 6-month intervals (T1, T2 and T3).Results: RV-TDP administration (n=10) maintained cognitive function as evidenced by stable MMSE scores from baseline to 18 months (21.07 ± 2.4 to 21.2 ± 3.1) compared with a decrease in MMSE score with RV-CP (n=10) over 18 months (18.3 ± 3.6 to 13.6 ± 5.06 [adjusted for covariates p=0.006]). MMSE scores were significantly different between treatment groups from 6 months (p=0.04). RV-TDP also increased the spectral power of alpha waves in the posterior region measured with electrode P3 in a significantly great percentage of patients than TV-CP from baseline to 18 months; 80% versus 30%, respectively (p=0.025 [χ2 test]).Conclusion: RV-TDP was associated with a greater proportion of patients with increased posterior region alpha wave spectral power and significantly higher cognitive function at 18 months, compared with RV-CP treatment. Our findings suggest that RV-TDP provides an effective long-term management option in patients with AD compared with oral RV-CP. This study is a pilot, open-label study with

Anatomical Substrate and Scalp EEG Markers are Correlated in Subjects with Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease

Dementia is a syndromic diagnosis, encompassing various stage of severity and different anatomo-physiological substrates. The hippocampus is one of the first and most affected brain regions affected by both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Moreover, chronic cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is one of the major risk factor for developing dementia. Recent studies have demonstrated different relationship between the anatomical substrate and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) markers. Indeed, modifications of EEG rhythmicity is not proportional to the hippocampal atrophy, whereas changes in EEG activity are directly proportional to the load of subcortical CVD. The computation of the EEG spectral power and the analysis of the functional coupling of brain areas, through linear coherence, are two of the most known processing methods in EEG research. Two specific EEG markers, theta/gamma and alpha3/alpha2 frequency ratio have been reliable associated to the atrophy of amygdalo–hippocampal complex. Moreover, theta/gamma ratio has been related to MCI conversion in dementia and alpha3/alpha2 ratio has been specifically related to MCI conversion in AD. The functional coupling of brain areas is also modulated by hippocampal atrophy. In the MCI subjects, hippocampal atrophy is linked to an increase of interhemispheric coherence seen on frontal and temporal regions whereas subcortical CVD is linked to a decrease of coherence in fronto-parietal regions. In the present study the most significant results of recent studies on correlation between scalp EEG, cognitive decline, and anatomical substrate have been reviewed, with particular attention to the relationships between EEG changes and hippocampal atrophy. The following review is not intended to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature. Rather it identifies and discusses selected studies that are designed to find the specific correlation between scalp EEG markers and anatomo-pathological substrate. The principal aim is to propose a plausible neurophysiological theoretical model of the cognitive decline as mirrored by both structural and functional tools of research

Jealousy delirium associated with memory deficits

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder manifested by cognitive and memory deterioration, progressive impairment of activities of daily living, and a variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms and behavioural disturbances. A correct and early diagnosis not only allows prompt treatment but can also give the person with Alzheimer’s and his family more time to arm themselves with knowledge about this type of dementia and the best way to live with the disease. The role of Family Physician is very important in early diagnosis: dementia may be suspected if memory deficits are exhibited during the medical history and physical examination. Information from the patient’s family members, friends and caregivers may also point to signs of dementia. We report a case of a 75-years-old man who was suffering from cognitive deficits and behavioural problems: the first disease symptom was a strong feeling of jealousy towards his wife

Challenges in the management of chronic wound infections.

ABSTRACT Objectives Chronic wound infections may delay the healing process and are responsible for a significant burden on healthcare systems. Since inappropriate management may commonly occur in the care of these patients, this review aims to provide a practical guide underlining actions to avoid in the management of chronic wound infections. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature available in PubMed in the last 10 years, identifying studies regarding the management of patients with chronic wound infections. A panel of experts discussed the potential malpractices in this area. A list of 'Don'ts', including the main actions to be avoided, was drawn up using the 'Choosing Wisely' methodology. Results In this review, we proposed a list of actions to avoid for optimal management of patients with chronic wound infections. Adequate wound bed preparation and wound antisepsis should be combined, as the absence of one of them leads to delayed healing and a higher risk of wound complications. Moreover, avoiding inappropriate use of systemic antibiotics is an important point because of the risk of selection of multidrug-resistant organisms as well as antibiotic-related adverse events. Conclusion A multidisciplinary team of experts in different fields (surgeon, infectious disease expert, microbiologist, pharmacologist, geriatrician) is required for the optimal management of chronic wound infections. Implementation of this approach may be useful to improve the management of patients with chronic wound infections

Reality orientation therapy combined with cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: randomised controlled trial

BackgroundReality orientation therapy combined with cholinesterase inhibitors has not been evaluated in patients with Alzheimer's disease.AimsTo perform such an evaluation.MethodWe randomly assigned 79 of 156 patients treated with donepezil to receive a reality orientation programme. Caregivers of the treatment group were trained to offer the programme at home 3 days a week, 30 min/day for 25 consecutive weeks, and were invited to stimulate and involve patients in reality-based communication.ResultsThe treatment group showed a slight improvement in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (mean change + 0.2, s.e. = 0.4) compared with a decline in the control group (mean change −1.1, s.e. =0.4; P=0.02). Similarly for the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognition (treatment group mean change +0.4, s.e.=0.8; control group –2.5, s.e.=0.8; P = 0.01). The intervention had an equal effect on cognition in those with mild (MMSE score ⩾20) and moderate (score < 20) dementia. No significant effect was observed for behavioural and functional outcomes.ConclusionsReality orientation enhances the effects of donepezil on cognition in Alzheimer's disease

Increased Serum Beta-Secretase 1 Activity is an Early Marker of Alzheimer's Disease

Background: Beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the rate-limiting enzyme in amyloid-beta (A beta) plaques formation. BACE1 activity is increased in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and plasma levels of BACE1 appears to reflect those in the brains.Objective: In this work, we investigated the role of serum BACE1 activity as biomarker for AD, estimating the diagnostic accuracy of the assay and assessing the correlation of BACE1 activity with levels of A beta(1-40), A beta(1-42), and A beta(40/42) ratio in serum, known biomarkers of brain amyloidosis.Methods: Serum BACE1 activity and levels of A beta(1-40), A beta(1-42), were assessed in 31 AD, 28 MCI, diagnosed as AD at follow-up (MCI-AD), and 30 controls. The BACE1 analysis was performed with a luciferase assay, where interpolation of relative fluorescence units with a standard curve of concentration reveals BACE1 activity. Serum levels of A beta(1-40), A beta(1-42) were measured with the ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array technology.Results: BACE1 was increased (higher than 60%) in AD and MCI-AD: a cut-off of 11.04 kU/L discriminated patients with high sensitivity (98.31%) and specificity (100%). Diagnostic accuracy was higher for BACE1 than A beta(40/42) ratio. High BACE1 levels were associated with worse cognitive performance and earlier disease onset, which was anticipated by 8 years in patients with BACE1 values above the median value (&gt; 16.67 kU/L).Conclusion: Our results provide new evidence supporting serum/plasma BACE1 activity as an early biomarker of AD

Brain Connectivity and Information-Flow Breakdown Revealed by a Minimum Spanning Tree-Based Analysis of MRI Data in Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

Brain functional disruption and cognitive shortfalls as consequences of neurodegeneration are among the most investigated aspects in current clinical research. Traditionally, specific anatomical and behavioral traits have been associated with neurodegeneration, thus directly translatable in clinical terms. However, these qualitative traits, do not account for the extensive information flow breakdown within the functional brain network that deeply affect cognitive skills. Behavioural variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by behavioral and executive functions disturbances. Deviations from the physiological cognitive functioning can be accurately inferred and modeled from functional connectivity alterations. Although the need for unbiased metrics is still an open issue in imaging studies, the graph-theory approach applied to neuroimaging techniques is becoming popular in the study of brain dysfunction. In this work, we assessed the global connectivity and topological alterations among brain regions in bvFTD patients using a minimum spanning tree (MST) based analysis of resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data. Whilst several graph theoretical methods require arbitrary criteria (including the choice of network construction thresholds and weight normalization methods), MST is an unambiguous modeling solution, ensuring accuracy, robustness, and reproducibility. MST networks of 116 regions of interest (ROIs) were built on wavelet correlation matrices, extracted from 41 bvFTD patients and 39 healthy controls (HC). We observed a global fragmentation of the functional network backbone with severe disruption of information-flow highways. Frontotemporal areas were less compact, more isolated, and concentrated in less integrated structures, respect to healthy subjects. Our results reflected such complex breakdown of the frontal and temporal areas at both intra-regional and long-range connections. Our findings highlighted that MST, in conjunction with rs-fMRI data, was an effective method for quantifying and detecting functional brain network impairments, leading to characteristic bvFTD cognitive, social, and executive functions disorders