Syndrome of burnout and project of being

O esgotamento físico e emocional em função do trabalho tem se tornado uma situação cada vez mais comum dentro das organizações nos dias atuais. Desde a década de setenta ele tem sido definido como síndrome de burnout. Seus pesquisadores têm sustentado que burnout se desenvolve como uma resposta aos estressores crônicos presentes nas organizações de trabalho. Porém, o estado atual do conhecimento sobre o processo de desenvolvimento de burnout tem se evidenciado, para muitos, como um problema teórico ainda não resolvido. Na busca de compreender tal processo, que se inicia com a experiência de estresse crônico e chega à exaustão, a despersonalização e a diminuição da realização pessoal, uma variável importante no conjunto desse fenômeno não tem recebido um tratamento científico adequado, qual seja: a relação do profissional com seu projeto para o futuro ou, mais precisamente, a relação do profissional com o fracasso do futuro projetado. A partir da utilização da definição de projeto de ser de Sartre, buscou-se evidenciar a relevância de se articular teoricamente a definição de projeto de ser com o processo de desenvolvimento da síndrome de burnout, para um avanço na compreensão desse fenômeno complexo.The physical and emotional exhaustion related to work has become a more and more frequent problem inside organizations. Since the seventy's it has been defined as burnout syndrome. Its researchers have supported that burnout syndrome develops as one answer to chronic stressors existing in work organizations. However, the current state of knowledge about the burnout syndrome process of development has been evidenced for many as a theoretical problem not yet solved. In the quest for understanding this process, that initiates with the experience of the chronic stress and leads to emotional exhaustion, despersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment, a variable regularly present in this process has not been given scientific treatment, which mean: the relation of the professional with his project for the future, more precisely, the relation of this professional with the failure of the projected future. The use of the definition project of being of Sartre will search to evidence the relevance to theoretically articulate the definition project of being with the process of development of the burnout syndrome for the advance of the comprehension of this complex phenomenon

Effectively four-dimensional spacetimes emerging from d=5 Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet Gravity

Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity in five-dimensional spacetime provides an excellent example of a theory that, while including higher-order curvature corrections to General Relativity, still shares many of its features, such as second-order field equations for the metric. We focus on the largely unexplored case where the coupling constants of the theory are such that no constant-curvature solution is allowed, leaving open the question of what the vacuum state should then be. We find that even a slight deviation from the anti-de Sitter Chern-Simons theory, where the vacuum state is five-dimensional AdS spacetime, leads to a complete symmetry breakdown, with the fifth dimension either being compactified into a small circle or shrinking away exponentially with time. A complete family of solutions, including duality relations among them, is uncovered and shown to be unique within a certain class. This dynamical dimensional reduction scenario seems particularly attractive as a means for higher-dimensional theories to make contact with our four-dimensional world.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. v2: New section on geometrical significance of solutions. Final version for CQ

Structural decomposition of employment by level of education: an input-output analysis for the post-opening period in Brazil (1990 to 2005)

This work analyzes the distribution of educational level of workers in accordance with the sectors of the Brazilian economy in the years 1990 and 2005. To achieve this aim, the Working Population was divided into five different education groups and was used the input-output framework to calculate the employment multipliers. With the structural decomposition of employment, was noted that the final demand was the important generator of employment in all sectors and in most educational levels. On the other hand, the work was the main factor responsible for the decline in employment in most sectors. This shows that economic liberalization has produced an increase in productivity, because the increase in the number of jobs was lower than the increase in the product. However, this decrease has been greater for workers with lower education.O trabalho analisa a distribuição do nível de escolaridade dos trabalhadores formais em termos setoriais para a economia brasileira no período entre 1990 a 2005. A fim de alcançar esse objetivo, a população economicamente ativa foi dividida em cinco grupos de escolaridade e utilizou-se o método de insumo-produto para calcular os multiplicadores de emprego. Com a decomposição estrutural do emprego, observou-se que a demanda final foi a grande geradora de emprego em quase todos os níveis educacionais. Por outro lado, o fator trabalho foi o principal responsável pela queda de emprego. Isso mostra que a abertura econômica produziu aumento de produtividade, uma vez que o acréscimo do número de empregos foi menor que a elevação do produto. Entretanto, essa redução foi mais elevada para os trabalhadores com menor escolaridade

Phenotypic Characterization of Yeasts Aiming at Bioethanol Production

Worldwide, the production of bioethanol is derived through first-generation technology, where plants, vegetables, and cereals, that have high levels of sucrose, are fermented by yeast. Brazil, for the production of bioethanol from sugarcane, is among the world’s leading producers. The process for bioethanol production is a complex that involves a variety of environmental factors, resulting in different phenotypic profiles of strain used. It has been evidenced that the interaction between environmental factors and microorganism can influence in the identification of different characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Also, the bioethanol is developed by the second and third generations, and new yeast strains may also contribute to the feasibility of production. Successful performance of fermentation depends on the ability of the yeast to deal with a number of factors that occur during the fermentation, such as concentration of sugar, ethanol, nitrogen, pH, resistance to contaminants, stress protein, temperature change, and osmotic pressure

Yeast Double Transporter Gene Deletion Library for Identification of Xenobiotic Carriers in Low or High Throughput.

The routes of uptake and efflux should be considered when developing new drugs so that they can effectively address their intracellular targets. As a general rule, drugs appear to enter cells via protein carriers that normally carry nutrients or metabolites. A previously developed pipeline that searched for drug transporters using Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants carrying single-gene deletions identified import routes for most compounds tested. However, due to the redundancy of transporter functions, we propose that this methodology can be improved by utilizing double mutant strains in both low- and high-throughput screens. We constructed a library of over 14,000 strains harboring double deletions of genes encoding 122 nonessential plasma membrane transporters and performed low- and high-throughput screens identifying possible drug import routes for 23 compounds. In addition, the high-throughput assay enabled the identification of putative efflux routes for 21 compounds. Focusing on azole antifungals, we were able to identify the involvement of the myo-inositol transporter, Itr1p, in the uptake of these molecules and to confirm the role of Pdr5p in their export. IMPORTANCE Our library of double transporter deletion strains is a powerful tool for rapid identification of potential drug import and export routes, which can aid in determining the chemical groups necessary for transport via specific carriers. This information may be translated into a better design of drugs for optimal absorption by target tissues and the development of drugs whose utility is less likely to be compromised by the selection of resistant mutants.Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation FAPES

Defining the Role of the MHC in Autoimmunity: A Review and Pooled Analysis

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is one of the most extensively studied regions in the human genome because of the association of variants at this locus with autoimmune, infectious, and inflammatory diseases. However, identification of causal variants within the MHC for the majority of these diseases has remained difficult due to the great variability and extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD) that exists among alleles throughout this locus, coupled with inadequate study design whereby only a limited subset of about 20 from a total of approximately 250 genes have been studied in small cohorts of predominantly European origin. We have performed a review and pooled analysis of the past 30 years of research on the role of the MHC in six genetically complex disease traits – multiple sclerosis (MS), type 1 diabetes (T1D), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) – in order to consolidate and evaluate the current literature regarding MHC genetics in these common autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We corroborate established MHC disease associations and identify predisposing variants that previously have not been appreciated. Furthermore, we find a number of interesting commonalities and differences across diseases that implicate both general and disease-specific pathogenetic mechanisms in autoimmunity

Is there a role for eIF5A in translation?

The putative translation factor eIF5A is essential for cell viability and is highly conserved from archaebacteria to mammals. This factor is the only cellular protein that undergoes an essential posttranslational modification dependent on the polyamine spermidine, called hypusination. This review focuses on the functional characterization of eIF5A. Although this protein was originally identified as a translation initiation factor, subsequent studies did not support a role for eIF5A in general translation initiation. eIF5A has also been implicated in nuclear export of HIV-1 Rev and mRNA decay, but these findings are controversial in the literature and may reflect secondary effects of eIF-5A function. Next, the involvement of eIF5A and hypusination in the control of the cell cycle and proliferation in various organisms is reviewed. Finally, recent evidence in favor of reconsidering the role of eIF5A as a translation factor is discussed. Future studies may reveal the specific mechanism by which eIF5A affects protein synthesis

eIF5A and EF-P: two unique translation factors are now traveling the same road

Translational control is extremely important in all organisms, and some of its aspects are highly conserved among all primary kingdoms, such as those related to the translation elongation step. The previously classified translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) and its bacterial homologue elongation factor P (EF-P) were discovered in the late 70's and have recently been the object of many studies. eIF5A and EF-P are the only cellular proteins that undergo hypusination and lysinylation, respectively, both of which are unique posttranslational modifications. Herein, we review all the important discoveries related to the biochemical and functional characterization of these factors, highlighting the implication of eIF5A in translation elongation instead of initiation. The findings that eIF5A and EF-P are important for specific cellular processes and play a role in the relief of ribosome stalling caused by specific amino acid sequences, such as those containing prolines reinforce the hypothesis that these factors are involved in specialized translation. Although there are some divergences between these unique factors, recent studies have clarified that they act similarly during protein synthesis. Further studies may reveal their precise mechanism of ribosome activity modulation as well as the mRNA targets that require eIF5A and EF-P for their proper translation. (C) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP