Efficiency Wage Hypothesis—The Case of Pakistan

The object of this paper is to present an exposition of Efficiency Wage theory, and to test its basic assertions in the context of Pakistan. The Great Depression of 1929 showed that labour disequilibrium persists for long periods of time. One of the causes of this was rigidity of nominal wages, which was assumed without explanation by Keynes in his General Theory. Stagflation in the 1970s led to re-examination of Keynesian theories and a search for a satisfactory theoretical explanation of wage rigidity. Efficiency Wage theories provide an explanation by suggesting that worker productivity increases with wage. This means that firms may not have incentive to cut wages even when they are above equilibrium. Substantial empirical evidence for efficiency wages has been found in the context of advanced economies, but there is very little literature for developingcountries. Saygili (1998) has given evidence for efficiency wages in the Turkish economy. Nasir (2000) provides empirical evidence for a wage differential between private and public sectors in Pakistan, which conforms to efficiency wage considerations. In this paper, we show that the textile sector in Pakistan appears to offer efficiency wages, while other sectors conform to neoclassical competitive labour market theorie

Reducing Risk in Lithology and Fluid Discrimination with Attributes Derived from Seismic Inversion

Pre-stack simultaneous inversion of seismic reflection data, a methodology based on amplitude variations with offset (AVO), presents a more flexible and detailed tool than traditional post-stack amplitude analysis. Given an initial earth model from well logs and structural geology interpretation, the simultaneous extraction of acoustic (AI) and shear impedances (SI) from seismic data allows for an effective transform of the seismic reflectivity series to layered rock properties. In the High Island Area, offshore Gulf of Mexico, the sand and shale lithologies show relatively equal acoustic impedance values and Class 2 AVO in the presence of hydrocarbons. To extract a thorough suite of rock property information from seismic in this environment, I use inverted AI and SI measurements to derive other seismic attributes, such as Lambda-Rho (λρ), Mu-Rho (μρ), and water saturation (Sw). By deriving these attributes, rock property information such as rock type, porosity, and pore fluid content can be translated from localized well data to the larger seismic volume. These derived attributes assist in defining relationships between properties that distinguish the sedimentary rock type that AI and density from post-stack amplitude analysis alone cannot. The results of the experiment showed a successful establishment of relationships to separate sand and shale lithology, as well as the extraction of structurally-conformable hydrocarbon-bearing sand in conformance with seismic AVO attributes and termination against faults in the study area which act as seals to the gas sand reservoirs.Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Department o

Efficiency Wage Hypothesis—The Case of Pakistan

The goal of this section is to point out the observed difficulties with the classical/neoclassical theory of labour markets. According to classical and neoclassical economics, the labour market is a market like any other market. The equilibrium wage is determined by the intersection of the supply and demand for labour

SELF CONDEMNATION, INDEBTEDNESS AND FINANCIAL STRESS: FINDINGS OF A CROSSSECTIONAL STUDY IN PAKISTAN

To determine various aspects of the Micro Economy that entails the foundation of Financial Stress arising for an individual in Pakistan. The essential focus of this study is firstly, on how behavioral factors or Personality Traits affect the degree of Financial Stress that an individual undergoes; and secondly, how conditions of Indebtedness of a person accentuate the conditions of distress. Assortments of constraints arising from Dependency burdens and Household Saving patterns that go hand-in-hand with the Economic Positionality are also brought into consideration with the help of this paper, focusing solely on results obtained for developing nations, such as Pakistan itself. Financial Stress was measured on a ten-item ordinal scale, consisting of a set of questions included in the survey questionnaire, while the preferred models used in this paper consisted of Ordered Probit and Tobit Models which estimated this cross-sectional study and the relationships of the two core variables; Self Condemnation, as well as Indebtedness with individuals’ financial stress. This study therefore, was able to depict that increased levels of Self Condemnation among individuals, due to a lack of resources or income, as well as high rates of Personal Debt in proportion to Individual Incomes; both have a positive significant relationship with the level of Financial Stress that these persons undergo. Government Policies and regulations of institutions can however, have an auspicious impact on the micro level as exploitation of the underprivileged can be controlled, and benefits be provided, leading to the uplifting of distress among the population

New tool for converting high-level representations of finite state machines to verilog HDL

Automated conversion of high-level representation of Finite State Machine (FSM) to correct-by-construction Hardware Description Language (HDL) is of demand with the increasing complexity of the modern digital controller designs. In this paper, we proposed a tool implementing systematic methodology for conversion and verification of high-level FSM to Verilog HDL. User defined options are provided to increase the flexibility and usability of the tool. MCNC91 benchmarks were used to evaluate the tool performance and correctness. Results indicate that the tool is able to correctly convert all given benchmark circuits with good runtime and memory consumption

BRAND ANALYSIS OF LG ELECTRONICS: A CASE STUDY

LG Electronics is a Korean based global brand in the field of consumer electronics, home appliances and mobile communications. The critical analysis in identifying the steps taken by the LG Electronics in the light of the existing literature review helps us to correlate these steps with the enhanced brand image, brand value and brand positioning. Information is collected from various reports i.e., LG Annual reports; International Magazines from the world of Business and Tech-nology; research literatures and other reputable sources. Innovation & design and constant obsolescence of ICT and IT Products (i.e., mobiles in particular), LG have to stick on R&D, design strategies and innovation and creativity for competing in the global market

A Critical Discourse Analysis of News in Media about Rape Victims in Pakistan

This study aims to investigate the discourse in news coverage, specifically focusing on the reporting of rape cases, with a particular focus on victim blaming and fact-hiding in the Pakistani media discourse. Drawing on the Van Dijk model of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), the study intends to unveil biases or power inequalities deep rooted in the structure and management of news reporting discourse. The research seeks to ascertain whether media outlets employ deceptive language to conceal the reality in reporting on rape cases, the influence of victim blaming on readers’ perception, and how the news media copes with the reporting of rape incidents. Data collection involves analysis of news articles from five well-known Pakistani publications: The Dawn News, ARY News, Dunya News, Geo News, and the Express Tribune particularly focusing on the "Zainab\u27s Murder and Rape Case." The analysis highlights instances of deletion, word choice, hiding identity, and lack of mention of police action, which contribute to the manipulation of information in news reports. The results of the study shed light on the biased description of rape incidents in the Pakistani media, fanning victim blame and rape lores. The study stresses the need for unbiased and truthful reporting of sexual assault incidents, ensuring that the experiences of victims are accurately portrayed. By uncovering the manipulation and biases in the Pakistani news media, this research contributes to a better understanding of the discourse patterns surrounding rape cases and the potential impact on public attitudes towards victims. &nbsp

An Experimental Evidence on Public Acceptance of Genetically Modified Food through Advertisement Framing on Health and Environmental Benefits, Objective Knowledge, and Risk Reduction

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