Equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies of lead ion and zinc ion adsorption from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from palm oil mill effluent

An efficient activated carbon was prepared using palm oil mill effluent as a precursor. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon for lead ion and zinc ion from aqueous media was investigated under equilibrium conditions between 303.15 and 353.15 K. The activated carbon was analyzed using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-Ray, and Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon was studied by varying adsorbent dosage, contact time, and temperature. The equilibrium time was attained after 50 min for both ions. The data analysis was performed with different isotherm and kinetic models. Pseudo-second-order kinetic rather than pseudo first-order model is best fitted for both lead ion and zinc ion removal from wastewater. Further, the rate-determining step for both metal ions is chemisorption based on the suitability of the Elovich equation. Langmuir model provides the best fit for both removal of lead ion and zinc ion. The thermodynamic parameters shows the feasibility of adsorption of both ions is endothermi

Corporate Social Responsibility in The Halal Food Industry: Application of Supply Chain Perspective

This study aims to construct a comprehensive framework for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within the Halal food industry's supply chain. It acknowledges the increasing public attention towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) and supply chain practices in the food industry. It utilizes current literature and recent developments to provide a comprehensive understanding of CSR in the Halal context. Methodologically, this study conducts a systematic review of relevant articles and materials, forming a robust theoretical underpinning. Our findings reveal key CSR dimensions specific to the Halal food supply chain, including animal welfare, health and safety, environmental concerns, and community involvement. The proposed framework not only enhances understanding of Halal supply chain CSR practices but also sets the stage for strategic and operational improvements. Significantly, this study contributes to the scholarly conversation by integrating Islamic principles with contemporary CSR practices, offering a unique perspective that aligns business operations with ethical and religious standards

Pyrolysis: A Sustainable Way to Generate Energy from Waste

Lignocellulosic biomass is a potentially more valuable renewable resource that can be utilized effusively as a chief source of heat for cooking and can correspondingly subsidize the production of electricity, heat, biofuels and chemicals including solid fuel like char or carbon. Lignocellulosic residues are mixed and burnt with coal to generate electricity. Presently, crude oil is replaced by bioethanol and biodiesel produced from biomass substrate. Some special class of chemicals can be derived from biomass that can subsequently replace the usage of non‐renewable resources of oil and coal. Pyrolysis of woody biomass to obtain pyroliginous acid was started hundreds of years ago, which has versatile applications. The range of products that can be derived from biomass is huge, prompting extent of research using different types of thermal conversion technologies, including pyrolysis, gasification, torrefaction, anaerobic digestion and hydrothermal processing. This chapter provides insights about the stages of reaction during pyrolysis and the outcome of reaction conditions on the products. Technical development and adjustment of process condition can offer a suitable environmentally benign scheme to increase the energy density of the lignocellulosic residues

Screening of commercial meat products from supermarket chains for feline derivatives using SP-PCR-RLFP and lab-on-a-chip

Determination of feline meat in food products is an important issue for social, health, economic and religious concern. Hence this paper documented the application of species specific polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (SP-PCR-RFLP) assay targeting a short-fragments (69 bp) of mitochondrial cytochrome b (cytb) gene to screen feline meat in commercial meat products using lab-on-a-chip. The SP-PCR assay proved its specificity theoretically and experimentally while testing with different common animal, aquatic and plant species of DNA. The feline specific (69 bp, 43- and 26-bp) characteristic molecular DNA pattern was observed by SP-PCR and RFLP analysis. For assay performance, it was tested in three different types of commercial dummy meat products such as frankfurters, nuggets and meatballs and digested with AluI-restriction enzyme. The highest sensitivity of the assay using lab-on-a-chip was as low as 0.1 pg or 0.01 % (w/w) in commercial dummy meat products. We have also applied this assay to screen three important commercial meat products of six different brand from six supermarket chains located at three different states of Malaysia. Thus total 378 samples were tested to validate the specificity, sensitivity, stability of the assay and utilization of it for commercial meat product screening

Preparation, characterization and adsorption studies of heavy metals onto activated adsorbent materials derived from agricultural residues / Zaira Zaman Chowdhury

The extensive use of commercial activated carbon as an adsorbent for the purification of industrial effluent is not economically feasible due its high operational cost. Therefore, this research has been undertaken to explore the potential of certain agro based residues to produce suitable adsorbent for scavenging divalent cations of lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) from waste water to meet specific industrial requirements. In this regard, powdered activated carbons (PAC) were produced from cellulosic precursors namely kenaf core (KC) and kenaf fiber (KF) and granular activated carbon (GAC) from mangostene fruit shell (MFS) by physio-chemical activation. Their performance of the prepared activated carbons (KCAC, KFAC and MFSAC) was compared with activated oil palm ash (AOPA) sample in batch sorption system. Design of experiment (DOE) based on central composite design (CCD) was used to study the effect of activation temperature, time and impregnation ration (IR) on adsorption performance along with maximum possible yield for powered activated carbon (PAC) from KC and KF. The results demonstrated that the optimum condition to obtain highest removal percentage and yield were different depending on the characteristics of the raw materials and the adsorbate under investigation. MFS was used to prepare granular activated carbon (GAC) due to its hard texture. It was used for batch as well as fixed bed sorption system. The adsorption mechanisms of activated carbon and activated oil palm ash towards the divalent cations used for this study were completely different. This is expected owing to their different inherent surface morphological features. To prepare activated adsorbent iii (AOPA) from natural oil palm ash (OPA), activation reaction by using sodium hydroxide has been carried out by using predefined reaction condition of temperature, time and impregnation ratio (IR) suggested by the software (DOE). The surface characteristics of these powdered and granular adsorbent were determined in terms of their BET surface area, FTIR analysis, SEM analysis, bulk density and iodine number measurement. Chemical composition of activated carbons (KCAC, KFAC and MFSAC) were analyzed by ultimate (C, H, N, others) and proximate analysis (C, moisture volatile materials and ash). X-ray analysis (XRF) analysis was carried out to determine the chemical constituents of natural oil palm ash (OPA) and activated palm ash (AOPA). The effect of initial metal ion concentration (50- 100 mg/l), contact time, pH of the solution and temperature (30 °C, 50 °C and 70 °C) were determined in this work. Equilibrium data were further analyzed to evaluate kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic behavior of the adsorbate - adsorbent system. The fixed bed column showed better performance with lower influent concentration, less flow rate of the influent and higher bed height of the adsorbent. Desorption by using mineral acid was suitable for regenerating the spent adsorbent for further use. It can be concluded that the overall performance of the prepared activated carbons are better than the activated ash sample

Preparation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose using Ultrasonication Combined with a Microwave-assisted Pretreatment Process

This study focuses on the extraction of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from the dried stalk of Corchorus olitorius, commonly known as jute, using a combination of a microwave-assisted alkaline peroxide pulping process (AHP) and ultrasonication. Dried jute stalk powder was pretreated using sodium hydroxide under microwave irradiation for the removal of lignin. The partially delignified sample was bleached using 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. The resulting crude cellulose was hydrolyzed using ultrasonication in the presence of ionic liquid and sulfuric acid. The effect of hydrolyzing medium on the physicochemical characteristics of the extracted nanocellulose was investigated. The nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) obtained after combined treatments was rod-like, with diameters of 10 to 15 nm and lengths of 92 to 105 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that some breakages of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and glycosidic bonds occurred during the hydrolysis reaction of pretreated biomass. Ultrasonication in the presence of an acid hydrolyzing medium most effectively accelerated these breakages in the long chain cellulose biopolymer, leading to the formation of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) with higher crystallinity

Preparation and Characterization of Nickel ferrite Nanoparticles via Co-precipitation Method

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized using co-precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern was used to determine the structure of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles. The presence of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles was confirmed by the FT-IR spectrum. The details of the surface morphology of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis. The particle size of the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles could be determined by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy. This work aimed at the investigation of the dielectric properties such as the dielectric loss and the dielectric constant of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles at varied frequencies and temperatures. In addition, the magnetic properties of the NiFe2O4 nanoparticles were studied

Chapter 15. UV–Vis spectroscopy in non-destructive testing

Non-destructive testing (NDT) is an analysis technique used by industryto evaluate the properties of a material, component, structure, or systemfor characteristic differences or defects without causing damage to theoriginal matrix. In this chapter, UVVis spectroscopy or spectrophotometry (UVVis) as an NDT tool is well described. As its name implies,UVVis quantifies the properties of samples in the UVVis wavelengthranges of light (typically 190900/1100 nm) without destroying thematrix. Specifically, UVVis visible spectroscopy determines how muchlight of a given wavelength passes through a sample, and how much isabsorbed. Such information can be diagnostic of molecular identity, concentration, structure, or activity, whether of organic species such as porphyrins, benzenes, and naphthalenes or of biomolecules like nucleic acidsand proteins. Spectrophotometers can scan either fixed (i.e., predefined)or variable wavelengths, and come in both single- and double-beam configurations. Its simple operating system and robustness have enthralled theattention of users. Thus this technology is widely used in various applications especially in the environment, pharmaceutical, and agriculture. Inthis chapter, the principle, significant applications, and future potential ofUVVis spectroscopy as an NDT tool will be well describe