Specific status of Echinococcus canadensis (Cestoda Taeniidae) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences

The specific status of Echinococcus canadensis has long been controversial, mainly because it consists of the mitochondrial lineages G6, G7, G8 and G10 with different host affinity: G6 (camel strain) and G7 (pig strain) with domestic cycles and G8 (cervid strain) and G10 (Fennoscandian cervid strain) with sylvatic or semi-domestic cycles. There is an argument whether the mitochondria] lineages should be recognised as separate species which correspond to the biological or epidemiological aggregation. In the present study, the specific status of E. canadensis was investigated using mitochondrial DNA and single copy nuclear DNA markers. Nucleotide sequences of complete mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and partial nuclear phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pepck) and DNA polymerase delta (pold) were determined for 48 isolates of E. canadensis collected from different hosts in a wide range of regions. The mitochondrial phylogeny of cox1 showed that all the isolates were clearly divided into three clades corresponding to G6/G7, G8 and G10. Five and three alleles were confirmed at pepck and pold loci, respectively. These alleles were generally divided into two groups corresponding to G6/G7 or G8 and G10. However, allele sharing was confirmed among individuals belonging to different lineages. The allele sharing occurred primarily in regions where different mitochondrial DNA lineages were found in sympatry. The resultant nuclear mitochondrial discordance suggests the genetic exchangeability among E. canadensis isolates belonging to different lineages. An apparently mosaic parasite fauna that reflects faunal mixing due to natural and anthropogenic disturbance, including introductions and invasion, precludes us from designating each of G6/G7, G8 and G10 into a different species. (C) 2017 Australian Society for Parasitology.Peer reviewe

Organização do ensino a distância no Instituto de Cultura e Arte do Estado Ártico de Yakutia

This article presents the organization of remote distance learning in Arctic State Institute of Culture and Art (ASICA) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). It shows features of remote distance learning in ASICA based on the use of Moodle distance learning management system. The important thing for the functioning of the digital learning environment is the availability of resources: material and technical, human resources of teachers with formed multimedia competencies in software and modern technologies used. The survey result was shown regarding the availability of information within Moodle environment, which provides all types of classes and procedures for assessing learning outcomes whose implementation envisages the use of e-learning and distance learning technologies. The practical significance of the study lies in the specifics of training students – future professionals of culture and art in the transition to remote distance learning.Este artículo presenta la organización del aprendizaje a distancia en el Instituto Estatal Ártico de Cultura y Arte (ASICA) de la República de Sakha (Yakutia). Muestra las características de la enseñanza a distancia en ASICA basada en el uso del sistema de gestión de la enseñanza a distancia Moodle. Lo importante para el funcionamiento del entorno de aprendizaje digital es la disponibilidad de recursos: materiales y técnicos, recursos humanos de los profesores con competencias multimedia formadas en el software y las tecnologías modernas utilizadas. El resultado de la encuesta se mostró en relación con la disponibilidad de información dentro del entorno Moodle, que proporciona todo tipo de clases y procedimientos para evaluar los resultados del aprendizaje cuya implementación prevé el uso de tecnologías de aprendizaje electrónico y a distancia. La importancia práctica del estudio radica en las particularidades de la formación de los estudiantes, futuros profesionales de la cultura y el arte, en la transición a la enseñanza a distancia.Este artigo apresenta a organização do ensino à distância no Instituto de Cultura e Arte do Estado Ártico (ASICA) da República de Sakha (Yakutia). Mostra as características do ensino à distância na ASICA com base no uso do sistema de gerenciamento de ensino à distância Moodle. O importante para o funcionamento do ambiente digital de aprendizagem é a disponibilidade de recursos: materiais e técnicos, recursos humanos de professores com competências multimídia formadas em software e tecnologias modernas utilizadas. O resultado da pesquisa foi mostrado a respeito da disponibilidade de informações dentro do ambiente Moodle, que fornece todos os tipos de aulas e procedimentos para avaliar os resultados do aprendizado cuja implementação prevê o uso de tecnologias de e-learning e ensino à distância. O significado prático do estudo reside nas especificidades do treinamento dos estudantes - futuros profissionais da cultura e da arte na transição para o ensino à distância

Аналіз показників надійності при каскадних термоелектричних охолоджувачив у різних струмових режимах

Strict requirements for the operating conditions for thermally loaded elements of radio-electronic systems contribute to essential relevance of the problem of increasing the indices of reliability of thermoelectric coolers in the implementation of their thermal modes. This leads to the need for increasing the indices of reliability not only through the use of new materials, design and technological solutions, but also optimization of the current modes of thermoelectric modules.The aim of this work is the search for the possibility of increasing the indices of reliability of cascade thermoelectric coolers, without changing their design parameters and material of thermoelements, by the selection of current modes at varied operating conditions.In the work we proposed a mathematical model of interrelation of the relative magnitude of the failure rate of two-stage thermoelectric device with the number of thermoelements, relative operating current, thermal load, and temperature difference in the temperature range of workability of a cooler.We carried out comparative analysis of the main significant parameters and indices of reliability of two-stage thermoelectric coolers for different current modes of operation in a wide range of temperature differences from =60 K to =90 K, taking into account the thermal load. It was demonstrated that with an increase in the general temperature difference, the ratio of the number of thermoelements in the adjacent cascades increases, the total number of thermoelements increases, the refrigeratory coefficient decreases, the relative magnitude of the failure rate grows and the probability of failure-free operation decreases. We obtained expression for determining the optimum relative operating current, at which the minimum value of relative number of thermoelements in the cascades is observed.Comparative analysis of the main parameters and indices of reliability demonstrated the possibility of selection and implementation of different current modes of operation of a cascade thermoelectric cooler for the varied operation conditions. Two extreme (characteristic) modes were proposed: the mode providing a minimum number of thermoelements, that is, minimum mass and overall dimensions of device; and the mode, providing the minimum failure rate and the maximum probability of failure-free operation. The proposed modes may be applied in the process of designing thermoelectric devices of minimum mass and increased reliability.Рассмотрена модель взаимосвязи показателей надежности и основных значимых параметров двухкаскадного термоэлектрического охладителя, работающего в различных токовых режимах при последовательном электрическом соединении каскадов. Проведен сравнительный анализ основных значимых параметров и показателей надежности охладителей для различных токовых режимов работы в широком диапазоне перепадов температуры от ΔТ=60 K до ΔТ=90 K с учетом тепловой нагрузкиРозроблена модель взаємозв’язку показників надійності і основних значущих параметрів двокаскадного термоелектричного охолоджувача, що працює у різних струмових режимах при послідовному електричному з’єднанні каскадів. Наведено порівняльний аналіз основних значущих параметрів і показників надійності охолоджувача для різних струмових режимів у широкому діапазоні перепадів температури від ΔТ=60 K до ΔТ=90 K з урахуванням теплового навантаженн

Simulation of Diffusion-Controlled Growth of Interdependent Nuclei under Potentiostatic Conditions

The problem of diffusion-controlled growth following an instantaneous nucleation event was studied within the framework of a new numerical model, considering the spatial distribution of hemispherical nuclei on the electrode surface and the mutual influence of growing nuclei via the collision of 3D diffusion fields. The simulation of the diffusion-controlled growth of hexagonal and random ensembles was performed at the overpotential-dependent number density of nuclei. The diffusion flow to each nucleus within a random ensemble was simulated by the finite difference method using the derived analytical expressions for the surface areas and the volumes formed at the intersection of 3D diffusion fields with the side faces of a virtual right prism with a Voronoi polygon base. The implementation of this approach provides an accurate calculation of concentration profiles, time dependences of the size of nuclei, and current transients. The results, including total current density transients, growth exponents, and nucleus size distribution, were compared with models developed within the concept of planar diffusion zones, the mean-field approximation and the Brownian dynamics simulation method, as well as with experimental data from the literature. The prospects of the model for studying the initial stages of electrocrystallization were discussed

start_finish_2_2010.pmd

Abstract. For the first time quantum chemical MNDO method has been used for the calculation of a classical row of monoaminocarbonic acids of glycines, α-alanines, β-alanines, valines, isoleucines, norvalines and γ-aminobutyric acids, leucines and phenylalanines. The optimized geometrical and electronic structure of these compounds has been received

Simulation of 3D Electrochemical Phase Formation: Mixed Growth Control

Processes of nucleation and growth largely determine the structure and properties of thin films obtained by electrodeposition on foreign substrates. Theoretical aspects of the initial stages of electrochemical phase formation under constant and variable overpotentials are considered in this work. Simulation of multiple nucleation with mixed (charge transfer, and diffusion) controlled growth was performed for three cases (cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic electrodeposition, and galvanostatic electrodeposition). The influence of the bulk concentration of depositing ions and the exchange current density at the electrolyte/nucleus interface on cyclic voltammograms (CVs), transients of current and overpotential, as well as the number and size of non-interacting new-phase nuclei was analyzed. It is found that, under galvanostatic conditions, the number of nuclei decreases as the concentration of depositing ions increases due to a more rapid decrease in overpotential. The proposed model was applied to determine the diffusion coefficient, exchange current density, and transfer coefficient considering the experimental CV

Ozone Decomposition on the Surface of Metal Oxide Catalyst

The catalytic decomposition of ozone to molecular oxygen over catalytic mixture containing manganese, copper and nickel oxides was investigated in the present work. The catalytic activity was evaluated on the basis of the decomposition coefficient which is proportional to ozone decomposition rate, and it has been already used in other studies for catalytic activity estimation. The reaction was studied in the presence of thermally modified catalytic samples operating at different temperatures and ozone flow rates. The catalyst changes were followed by kinetic methods, surface measurements, temperature programmed reduction and IR-spectroscopy. The phase composition of the metal oxide catalyst was determined by X-ray diffraction. The catalyst mixture has shown high activity in ozone decomposition at wet and dry O3/O2 gas mixtures. The mechanism of catalytic ozone degradation was suggested

Electrochemical Reduction of La2O3, Nd2O3, and CeO2 in LiCl-Li2O Melt

The reduction of pellets composed of individual CeO2, Nd2O3 and a La2O3-Nd2O3-CeO2 mixture by lithium extracted on a cathode during lithium chloride electrolysis at 650 °C was studied. The methods of cyclic voltammetry, electron microscopy, including determination of the elemental composition of the studied objects, and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied for the present study. The reduction degree of rare-earth metal (REM) oxides was determined using both the bromine method and reduction melting of the samples in the graphite crucible. The formation of the metallic phase composed of the rare-earth elements (REEs) was not observed even at the cathode potentials, corresponding to the formation of the liquid alkali metal phase, and lithium extraction, which, in the quantitative ratio, exceeds greatly the values needed for the reduction reaction. CeO2 was found to reduce to Ce2O3

Electrochemical Reduction of Pd-Nd₂O₃-CeO₂ Mixtures in the LiCl-Li₂O Melt

The electrochemical reduction of pelleted heterophase powder Pd-Nd2O3-CeO2 mixtures was studied in molten LiCl-Li2O (1–1.5 wt%) at 650 °C. The influence of the composition of the mixture, as well as electrochemical factors—i.e., the amount of electricity passed and the cathode potential during electrolysis—were considered. It was found that in the presence of metallic palladium, neodymium and cerium oxides are reduced by lithium released at the cathode and form intermetallic compounds of different compositions. At potentials more positive than the formation of a phase based on liquid lithium at 0.5–0.8 V, CePd3 and NdPd3 intermetallic compounds are present in the reduced product. At potentials close to the formation of liquid lithium, a whole spectrum of intermetallic compounds is synthesized: CePd, NdPd, Ce3Pd4, and Nd3Pd4. The mechanisms of formation of palladium alloys with neodymium and cerium are proposed and considered. The degree of the reduction of lanthanide oxides was calculated from the data on the concentration of residual oxygen in the reduced product

Entropic Nomogram

The concept of entropy spatial-energy interactions is used to reflect the similar views on the statistical thermodynamics of entropy. The resulting nomogram is obtained for estimating the entropy of various processes. The authors discuss the variety of manifestations of entropy, including the biochemical processes in the economy. In living systems the entropy increase is offset by the negative entropy, which is formed through interaction with the external environment. Thus, a living system is an open system. And businesses can no longer be isolated systems without exchange process and the relationship with the external environment. The role of the external system reducing the increase in business entropy must perform, for example, relevant state and public structures, functionally separated from the business. Perhaps, inevitable process in this direction can be de-monopolization of the largest economic structures, carried out “on top” in an evolutionary way. In thermodynamics it is considered that the uncontrolled growth of entropy leads to the termination of any macroeconomic systems, that is, to their death. Therefore, the main task is to search for the methods of reducing the uncontrolled growth of entropy in big business. In addition, these critical numbers of entropy relate mainly to big business. A simple reduction of the number of its employees may not give the real result of a decrease in entropy. So, reduction of the number of employees by 10 % would decrease the entropy of only 0.6 % and this despite the general negative effects of unemployment, which inevitably accompanies such a process. Therefore, such sermonettes not controlled either by the state or society are aimed to reduce the entropy of the business in a more real way of demonopolization without optimization (that is, without reducing the total number of employees). Now the scientific world is puzzled by the intensification of technological processes on the basis of energy-saving technology, for example. This technique P-parameter can also be used in this promising direction