Containing salinity through irrigation management: the case of the Fordwah area in Pakistan

International audienceLa salinité des sols a toujours été une contrainte de l'agriculture irriguée dans le bassin de l'indus. Traditionnellement, ce phénomène était associé à la remontée d'une nappe, devenue sub-affleurante à certains endroits, avec l'introduction des périmètres irrigués à grande échelle. Le concept de la «menace jumelle» de l'engorgement et de la salinité des sols a impulsé depuis les années 1960 un grand nombre de projets de drainage à grande échelle pour rabattre la nappe. Par ailleurs, pour faire face aux pénuries d'eau, les agriculteurs ont recouru à des pompages individuels dans la nappe dont le niveau a ainsi baissé. Le nombre de forages est estimé à plus de 500 000 et continue d'augmenter. L'utilisation des eaux souterraines, souvent d'une qualité médiocre mais hétérogène dans l'espace, accentue une tendance à la salinisation des sols. L'eau de surface, en revanche, est d'excellente qualité et représente une valeur inestimable pour les paysans ayant des problèmes de salinité et sodicité. Une distribution de l'eau de surface en phase avec les contraintes des paysans en termes de qualité de l'eau de nappe pourrait contribuer à diminuer ces problèmes. (Résumé d'auteur

Comparison of Outcome of two different Methods for the treatment of Intra-articular fracture of Distal Radius

Objective: It is to compare the radiological and functional outcome of two different fixation methods for displaced intra articular distal radius fracture (DRF): open reduction and internal fixation with anatomical plate and closed reduction with percutaneous K-wires. Methodology: A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Orthopaedics department, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore for one year; from April 2017 to March, 2018. Total 90 patients were selected in the study by ‘non-probability, consecutive sampling technique’ with 45 patients in each group of the study; Group-A (fixation method: Open reduction with internal fixation with volar plate) and Group-B (Fixation method: Kirschner-wire known as K-wire). Results: The mean age in the group A and group B was 53.7 ± 11.8 years and 55.2 ± 12.3 years respectively. There were 58 male and 32 females in the study. The differences in volar tilt, radial inclination, radial length and modified Mayo score were significantly better in group A than group B (p-value < 0.05). The differences were not significantly different for articular step off in the two study groups (p-value > 0.05). Conclusion: Open reduction with internal fixation using volar locking plates yielded significantly better radiological and functional outcomes than percutaneous fixation using K-wire in the 6 months’ postoperative period

Comparison of casting versus elastic nail for the treatment of pediatric tibial diaphyseal fractures

Objective: To assess outcomes of Titanium elastic nail (regarding radiologic union, a discrepancy of limb length, malalignment, pain and complications) in treating pediatric tibial fractures in comparison with the traditional Casting method.Methodology: This randomized controlled trial study was conducted in Department of Orthopaedics, Shaikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore through emergency /Outdoor patient department from May 2018 to Feb 2019. The total number of patients were categorized into two groups, 14 each group. In Group A, patients underwent treatment by elastic nails and patients in group B, underwent treatment with cast method. Post op X-Rays (serial) were done and Leg length inequality, Malalignment, pain and radiological union were assessed radiologically. Follow up of the patients was done in the outpatient department of Orthopaedic department after 1,3 and 6 months. The comparison for this among both groups was done by using Chi-square test. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Results: The mechanism of injury was statistically same in both groups, p-value > 0.05. In group-A, 7(50.0%) cases had Transverse, 4(28.6%) had Oblique and 3(21.4%) cases had comminuted fracture while in group-B there were 5(35.7%) cases who had Transverse, 2(14.3%) had Spiral, 4(28.6%) cases had Oblique and 3(21.4%) cases had Comminuted fracture, p-value > 0.05. In both groups, the leg length inequality, frequency of malalignment, pain severity and complications were statistically same, p-value was > 0.05.Conclusion: Similar outcomes of Titanium elastic intramedullary nailing as compared to cast application in terms of bone union, alignment and infection rates

The Outcome of Bicolumnar Acetabular Fracture Treated by Single Anterior Ilioinguinal Approach

Background: Acetabular fracture therapy, being complicated, is generally treated by non-operative methods due to a lack of surgeons’ expertise in pelvis surgery. The surgical exposure and reduction of acetabular fractures may become more direct and practical with the altered technique since it is closer to the acetabular quadrilateral plate. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a single anterior illio-inguinal approach for the management of a Bi-columnar acetabulum fracture. Methods: Sixty patients, fulfilling the selection criteria were selected for descriptive case series from Orthopedic Surgery Department at Lahore General Hospital, from 02-12-2020 to 02-06-2021. After informed consent, surgery was performed on all patients under general anesthesia. Patients were followed-up and evaluated for efficacy in OPD after 12 weeks of surgery with a Harris hip score. All demographic and other information was recorded on a Proforma. SPSS 22 was used to assess data. Post-stratification, efficacy was compared by using chi-square, p-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: Out of 60 patients, 45(75 %) were male, whereas 15(25%) were female (Mean age 52.71±10.50yrs). The Mean of duration fracture (in days) and Harris score are 11.03±5.29 and 2.83±0.45 respectively. The efficacy concerning lateral side was 60% for left side and 26.7% for right side. Efficacy was higher in less than 10 days old fractures at 55.0% while after 10 days it was 31.7%. We found that the percentage of efficacy was 86.7%. Conclusion: The current study concluded that the anterior illio-inguinal approach is highly effective (p=0.001) in the management of acetabular fractures. Keywords: Acetabulum; Pelvic; Fracture; General Surgery

Land and water productivity: trends across Punjab canal commands

Land use / Water use / Productivity / Indicators / Crop yield / Irrigation canals / Groundwater / Water availability / River basins / Rain

Basin-level use and productivity of water: examples from South Asia

Discusses and illustrates concepts for identifying ways of improving productivity of water within basins. The results of applying a water accounting procedure to four sub-basins in South Asia (Bhakra in India; Chishtian in Pakistan; Huruluwewa in northern Sri Lanka; and Kirindi Oya in southern Sri Lanka) are presented. The methodology used identifies the quantities and productivity of various uses of water within a basin. This information is then used to identify the water-saving potential, and the means of improving the productivity of the managed supplies

Un environnement de modélisation pour tester l'allocation de ressources en eau. HyD2002 et ses applications

International audienceLe développement de méthodes et d'outils pour l'aide à la gestion et la planification des ressources en eau est un projet fondateur de l'unité DIVHA. L'environnement de modélisation actuel, HyD2002, voulu très générique, permet de représenter différents types d'aménagements et de simuler divers modes d'allocation en présence d'usages et de règles multiples. Nous présenterons le principe de conception à partir d'un exemple d'aménagements à buts multiples dans le sud de la France. Nous détaillerons les divers modes de gestion pouvant être simulé. Le modèle de base d'HyD2002 permet de simuler l'application de consignes de gestion sur de longues chroniques d'apports, considérées comme représentatives de l'aléa hydrologique. L'évaluation se fait a posteriori par une analyse intensité-duréefréquence des écarts par rapport aux objectifs. Les consignes de gestion sont ainsi testées par de nombreuses simulations. Afin de réduire ces tâtonnements, il apparaît séduisant d'avoir recours à l'optimisation numérique. Mais les limitations sont nombreuses et la simulation reste essentielle pour évaluer les gains réels dans une gestion opérationnelle. Différentes applications de l'outil sont présentées: aide à la planification des eaux en Guadeloupe, réhabilitation de l'alimentation en eau du château de Versailles, tests de diverses allocations des ressources dans le bassin de l'Indus au Pakistan et dans le bassin du Walawe au Sri Lanka. Différentes évolutions de l'outil, au niveau des modèles d'allocation, et au niveau de la nécessaire collaboration avec des modèles d'offre et de demande, sont envisagées afin de faciliter l'analyse de l'équité et de la viabilité d'alternatives de gestion. (Résumé d'auteur