Bank ownership type and banking relationships

The authors formulate and test hypotheses about the role of bank ownership types-foreign, state-owned, and private domestic banks-in banking relationships, using data from India. The empirical results are consistent with all of their hypotheses with regard to foreign banks. These banks tend to serve as the main bank for transparent firms, and firms with foreign main banks are most likely to have multiple banking relationships, have the most relationships, and diversify relationships across bank ownership types. The data are also consistent with the hypothesis that firms with state-owned main banks are relatively unlikely to diversify across bank ownership types. However, state-owned banks often do not provide the main relationship for firms they are mandated to serve (for example, small, opaque firms), and the predictions of negative effects on multiple banking and number of relationships hold for only one type of state-owned bank.Banks&Banking Reform,Financial Intermediation,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Banking Law,Economic Theory&Research

Complexes of Some Group(IV) Metal Halides with 5-Aminoindazole

The synthesis and characterisation of Sn(IV) halides, Ge(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) chloride complexes of the type MX4 : Li_ 2 with 5-aminoindazole has been made. The possible structure of these complexes has been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra suggest unidentate behaviour of the ligand involving pyrrole nitrogen in all the cases except the tin(IV) bromide complex, where the ligand exhibits its bidentate nature, involving the pyridyl nitrogen. An octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. In the case of MX4 :\u27L type complexes, except for SnBr4 : L, an octahedral halogen bridged structure has been proposed

Complexes of Some Group(IV) Metal Halides with 5-Aminoindazole

The synthesis and characterisation of Sn(IV) halides, Ge(IV), Ti(IV) and Zr(IV) chloride complexes of the type MX4 : Li_ 2 with 5-aminoindazole has been made. The possible structure of these complexes has been proposed on the basis of elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra suggest unidentate behaviour of the ligand involving pyrrole nitrogen in all the cases except the tin(IV) bromide complex, where the ligand exhibits its bidentate nature, involving the pyridyl nitrogen. An octahedral geometry has been proposed for all the complexes. In the case of MX4 :\u27L type complexes, except for SnBr4 : L, an octahedral halogen bridged structure has been proposed

Cardiac rhythm analysis during ongoing cardiopulmonary resuscitation using the Analysis During Compressions with Fast reconfirmation technology

BACKGROUND Pauses in chest compressions (CCs) have a negative association with survival from cardiac arrest. Electrocardiographic (ECG) rhythm analysis and defibrillator charging are significant contributors to CC pauses. OBJECTIVE Accuracy of the Analysis During Compressions with Fast Reconfirmation (ADC-FR) algorithm, which features automated rhythm analysis and charging during CCs to reduce CC pauses, was retrospectively determined in a large database of ECGs from 2701 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS The ADC-FR algorithm generated a total of 7264 advisories, of which 3575 were randomly assigned to a development data set and 3689 to a test data set. With ADC-FR, a high-pass digital filter is used to remove CC artifacts, while the underlying ECG rhythm is automatically interpreted. When CCs are paused at the end of the 2-minute cardiopulmonary resuscitation interval, a 3-second reconfirmation analysis is performed using the artifact-free ECG to confirm the shock/no-shock advisory. The sensitivity and specificity of the ADC-FR algorithm in correctly identifying shockable/nonshockable rhythms during CCs were calculated. RESULTS In both data sets, the accuracy of the ADC-FR algorithm for each ECG rhythm exceeded the recommended performance goals, which apply to a standard artifact-free ECG analysis. Sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 99%, respectively, for the development data set and 95% and 99% for the test data set. CONCLUSION The ADC-FR algorithm is highly accurate in discriminating shockable and nonshockable rhythms and can be used to reduce CC pauses

New active antioxidant multilayer food packaging films containing Algerian Sage and Bay leaves extracts and their application for oxidative stability of fried potatoes

The antioxidant activity of Sage leaf (SL) and Bay leaf (BL) extracts was studied. Both plants were extracted using water and ethanol at different concentration, and the antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS [2, 2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)] radical cation scavenging and reducing power (RP) methods. In both cases 60% and 80% ethanolic extracts of Sage and Bay leaves showed the highest activity and were incorporated into multilayer films. The initial concentration for 60% ethanolic extracts of Sage and Bay leaves to scavenge 50% of free radical ABTS were 5.67 ± 0.26 µg × mL-1 and 18.68 ± 0.16 µg × mL-1 respectively, whereas for 80% ethanolic extracts the concentrations were 7.96 ± 0.02 and 14.65 ± 0.59 µg × mL-1 respectively. The initial concentrations of ethanolic 60% extracts of Sage and Bay leaves to allow absorbance 0.5 for reducing power were 35.38 ± 0.19 µg × mL-1 and 91.43 ± 2.84 µg × mL-1 respectively, while for 80% ethanolic extracts of Bay and Sage leaves were 46.01 ± 1.21 µg × mL-1 and 85.47 ± 0.9 µg × mL-1 respectively. Then, the multilayer films were exposed to a gas stream enriched with free radicals to evaluate the free radicals scavenging. The new packaging with 60% ethanolic Sage extract exhibited the highest activity with low percentage of hydroxylation (69.64 ± 6.86%) followed by that with 80% ethanolic extract for both Bay (85.49 ± 5.3%) and Sage (87.09 ± 3.93%) leaves extracts. The ability of two active packaging built with 60% ethanolic Sage extract and 80% ethanolic Bay extract to inhibit lipid oxidation of fried potatoes was studied by measuring secondary lipid oxidation products using thiobarituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Significant lower value of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was obtained for fried potatoes stored in active packaging built with ethanolic 60% extract of Sage and 80% ethanolic extract of Bay leaves (0.342 ± 0.01 and 0.392 ± 0.02 µg MDA × g-1 respectively) at 40 °C for 20 days compared to the control (0.568 ± 0.03 µg MDA × g-1). Lipid oxidation decreased 40% and 31% for packaging with 60% Sage and 80% Bay ethanolic extracts respectively. The UPLC–MS–QTOF analysis of Sage and Bay leaves extracts revealed the presence of phenolic acids, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. Migration tests from active materials demonstrated the absence of migration

Prevalence of hepatitis C virus in lymphoproliferative disorders

Objective: To study the prevalence of hepatitis C virus in lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods: A case control prospective study was performed on 143 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and 29 patients with non-hematological malignancies were taken as controls. All the patients in both groups were analyzed for various risk factors for infection with hepatitis C virus and were tested for the presence of hepatitis C virus antibody (anti HCV), cryoglobulins and rheumatoid factor antibody. Hepatitis C viremia was documented by detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was no significant difference for risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in both the groups except for the increase in number of surgical procedures being carried out in the control group. There was no significant difference in the presence of rheumatoid factor antibody in both the groups and cryoglobulins were not positive in any individual. Five percent patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and 3.4% with non-hematological malignancies were positive for anti HCV. HCV RNA was detected in 29.2% cases and 31.0% in controls. Conclusion: There was no association between hepatitis C virus infection and lymphoproliferative disorder in our population. However, further studies are required from this region to establish any causal relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and lymphoproliferative disorde

Salmonella Dublin associated with abortion in dairy cattle in Algiers and comparison of different diagnostic methods

Background: In cattle, many serotypes of Salmonella enterica are responsible for a wide variety of clinical manifestations, which can cause considerable economic loss. Some serotypes can cause cows to abort sporadically, such as the Dublin serotype. This study was carried out on different cattle farms in the Algiers region to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Dublin using bacteriological and immunological methods.Methodology: The prevalence of Salmonella was determined by bacteriological analysis in accordance with the reference method AFNOR NF U 47-100 on faecal samples collected from 184 cattle belonging to 19 different farms, and serotyping for S. Dublin. Immunological analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for S. Dublin was carried out on milk samples collected from 91 cattle. A survey of case (n=5) and control (n=14) farms for comparative analysis was performed to demonstrate a link between abortion in cows and prevalence of S. Dublin with both bacteriological and immunological methods. Sensitivity, specificity, Cohen Kappa coefficient, McNemar test odds ratios, and confidence intervals were calculated using Winepiscope 2.0 and StatA 9.1 software,and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The bacteriological results showed a prevalence of 7.6% (95%CI: 3-10), for Salmonella and serotyping revealed a prevalence for S. Dublin of 2.7%. The immunological analysis of milk by the ELISA technique revealed a prevalence of 13.2% (95%CI: 5-20) for S. Dublin. The comparative study between immunological results from milk and bacteriological results from faeces for detecting S. Dublin  showed poor agreement between the two tests (k=0.25), with enzyme immunoassay being significantly more sensitive than the bacteriological test (p<0.05). The results of the survey did not demonstrate a clear association between bacteriological detection of S. Dublin in faeces and abortion in cows (OR=8.66, 95%CI: 0.58-130.12). However, with the immunological analysis of milk for S. Dublin, there was a significant positive association (OR=62.33, 95%CI: 2.13-18.22) between a positive antibody response to S. Dublin in milk and the presence of abortions on the farm.Conclusion: In view of these results, we can conclude that Salmonella infections should systematically feature in the differential diagnosis of abortions in dairy cattle in Algeria. Keywords: S. Dublin, cattle, faeces, milk, abortion, immunology, bacteriology, Algier

A study of frequency and pulses for stepper motor controller system by using programmable logic controller

The stepper motor movement process produced different frequency and pulses. This research explained about the frequency and pulses for the stepper motor movement by using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) as research method. The study was done to find the suitable frequency and pulses for stepper motor movement by developing a prototype stepper motor controller system. The pulse frequency used did not affected the distance of moving load in the stepper motor operations. The increasing number of pulse frequency only will affect the time taken for the stepper motor to complete its operations. The result showed that number of pulse frequency at high operation was 5000 Hz. Pulse number reacted as a manipulated variable that affected both factor which is time taken of stepper motor operation and the distance of moving load

Numerical investigation on flame propagation in vented gas explosion

Explosion venting technology is one of the effective and widely used methods in protection measures against accidental internal gas explosions by relieving the pressure generated within the volume. Extensive studies have been carried out to investigate factors governing to the explosion development i.e. ignition position and vent burst pressure. However, the physical and dynamic process of explosion development during the venting to ambient air is yet not well understood. The primary motivation of this research was to gain improved understanding of turbulent flame propagation in vented gas explosion, with a view to develop improved models and methods for assessing explosion risks in the process industries. Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) analyses using FLUENT is adopted to study the phenomenology underlying vented gas explosions. Computations were run on deflagrating turbulent flames in small-scale combustion chambers with two different volumes (0.02 m3 and 0.0065 m3), with both closed at the rear end and open at the opposite face, in order to replicate the experimental work. All cases are initialised from stagnation. Only stoichiometric concentration of propane and methane-Air mixtures was considered with different ignition positions and vent static burst pressure, Pv. From the finding, end ignition gave higher reduced overpressure on both experimental and simulation results, compared to central ignition. The inclusion of vents in the enclosures provides significant reduction on the peak overpressures. However, it has been recognised on a tendency to a less effective reduction as the vent burst pressure, Pv was further increased. The competition between combustion rate and venting rate allows the explanation on both number and intensity of the overpressure peaks observed in propane-Air explosion

Cancer Patterns in Karachi Division (1998-1999)

Objective: A minimal cancer incidence data for Karachi, the largest city of Pakistan, is being presented here, for the years 1998-1999. The city has a population of 9,802,134; males 5,261,712 (52.6%) and females 4,540,422 (47.4%); census 19981. Methodology: A predominantly mixed (passive and active) registration system has evolved in Karachi, the data sources being the hospitals within the Karachi Division. The reported/retrieved cancer data sets at the Karachi Cancer Registry are checked, coded, computerised in an analytical format and analysed. Results: The incident cancer cases registered in Karachi, during the 2-year period, 1st January 1998 to 31st December 1999 were analysed. The age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) of cancer, all sites was 132.4/100,000 for the males. Cancer of the lung 10.8%; ASR 17.3 was the most frequently recorded malignancy, followed by oral cavity 10.5%; ASR 13.2 and larynx 5.0%; ASR 7.4. The age-standardised incidence rate (ASR) of cancer, all sites was 133.0/100,000 in the females. Cancer of the breast, 32.0%; ASR 40.7 was the most frequently recorded malignancy, followed by oral cavity 8.1%; ASR 11.7 and gall bladder 3.6%; ASR 5.5. Conclusion: The present data has been calculated with an estimated 15-20% probable under ascertainment. Tobacco-associated cancers in Karachi were responsible for 38.3% of the tumours diagnosed amongst the males. Two principal cancers, breast and oral cavity were responsible for 40.1% of the cancers in females. A rare finding was the high incidence of gall bladder cancer in the females. At present it is difficult to determine whether this indicates a genuine high risk or a selection bias. A continuous process of cancer registration to study the trends in the incidence and an adequate cancer control program are possible and essential for Pakistan and can be based on the pattern being practiced in Karachi