Numerical Solution of Airy Differential Equation by Using Haar Wavelet

Haar wavelet is exceedingly simple and optimized completely for computers, so that it can be used for solving ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations without a hassle. In this paper, numerical solutions of Airy differential equations have been obtained by using the Haar Wavelet Method . Comparisons with exact solutions make clear that the Haar Wavelet Method is a powerful candidate for solving the Airy differential equation. Moreover the use of Haar wavelets is found to be accurate, uncomplicated, speedy, adaptable and convenient with very small computation costs and the extra perk of being computationally attractive. Key Words: Orthogonal Wavelet, Airy Equation, Function Approximation, Operational Matri

Dual Beta Modeling of Karachi Stock Exchange

In the past three decades, the documentation of many features of returns in equity market has been noticed. But less attention has been paid to the feature attacks more commenting else, namely that there are extensive periods of time when equity prices rise and fall colloquially, these periods of time referred to as bull and bear markets respectively. The purpose of this research is to study the betas in the bull and bear market condition for a sample of stocks in the Karachi Stock Market (KSE), major stock market in Pakistan. The data consist of daily returns of two major sectors (Petroleum & Commercial banks) of KSE during the period of February 1997 to December 2007. The data pertains to the daily adjusted closing prices of 15 scripts that form a part of KSE index. This paper investigates whether betas of bull and bear market are statistically different from each other? KSE does not integrate any distribution so we use t-statistics.  Analysis shows that beta is higher when the market is bearish than that when market is bullish for nine stocks while the reverse is true for other six stocks. Keywords: Portfolio Beta, Portfolio Returns, KSE, Dual Bet

Forecasting Gold Price: Evidence from Pakistan Market

In our day to day life, predictability of gold’s prices is significant in many domains such as economics financial and political environment. The main objective of this research is to forecasts the prices of gold, making use of ARIMA and two distinct versions of wavelet scheme. The monthly data consists of 221 observations starting from Dec 2005 to April 2013, has been used in this research. After evaluating the accuracy of these models by mean absolute error and mean square error, it turns out that wavelet neural transformation has better prediction accuracy than rest of the models. Also, this study utilizes the return forecasts from the above mentioned different models in a simple trading strategy and compare pay offs in order to know as to which framework serves a better forecasting model. Keywords: Gold Price, ARIMA, Wavelet, Multiple Regression, Wavelet Neural Transform, Error Analysi

A Hybrid Gold’s Returns Prediction Model Based on Empirical Mode Decomposition

Consumers have produced extraordinary levels of demand of Gold since the beginning of the financial crisis in 2008 and investment in small coins and bars striking a record high. Since the previous decade, the prices have reached the sky, but the demand for gold remains firm. With such an enormous need for gold coming from whole over the globe, forecast gold prices are of great interest. The main aim of this study is to forecast the price of gold returns, making use of Autoregressive (AR), Empirical Mode Decomposition Autoregressive (EMDAR) and hybrid Empirical Mode Decomposition Autoregressive Neural Network (EMDARNN). The daily data consists of 4837 observations starting from Jan 1995 to June 2013, has been used in this research. After assessing the accuracy of these models by mean absolute error and mean square error, it turns out that hybrid Empirical Mode Decomposition Autoregressive Neural Network excels all the other methods and produces better forecasting with high precision. Keywords: Gold Price, Autoregressive, Empirical Mode decomposition, Artificial Neural Networ

Application of Elzaki Transform Method on Some Fractional Differential Equations

In the paper, we begin by introducing the origin of fractional calculus and the consequent application of the Elzaki transform on fractional derivatives. The Elzaki transformation may be used to solve mathematical problems without resorting to a new frequency domain. Once we establish this connection firmly in the general setting, we turn our attention to the application of the Elzaki transform method to some non-homogeneous fractional, ordinary differential equations. Ultimately, we acquire the graphical solution of the problem by using Matlab 2013a, developed by MathWorks Key Words: Elzaki Transform, Fractional Differential Equation, Linear and Non-linear, Initial Value Problem, Non-homogenou

PROGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER IN VERY YOUNG AGE (LESS THAN 30 YEARS)

Purpose: Breast cancer diagnosed at a younger age has aggressive biology being triple negative and high grade and is associated with poor prognosis.Materials and Methods: Retrospectively data of 121 patients age 30 years or younger registered during the year 2008 were reviewed. Data were extracted from the cancer registry department of the institute. Demographics studied were the age at diagnosis, gender, pregnancy or lactation association, family history of breast cancer, histopathological diagnosis, and stage of the disease, receptors, type of treatment, response, local recurrence, distant relapse, and survival. Results: A total of 121 patients with age 30 years or less were included. An only a single patient was male. The age range was from 20 to 30 years; bilateral involvement was seen in a single patient. Almost half 50.4% (n = 61) patients had locally advanced disease at presentation. Pregnancy/lactation-associated breast cancer was seen in 29.8% (n = 36). The most common stage was Stage III (52.1%) and Stage II (33.9%). Invasive ductal carcinoma was the most common histology 94.2% (n = 114) of patients; triple negative was the most common molecular subtype present in 46.3% (n = 56). Chemotherapy was received by 92.6% (n = 112), 88.4% (n = 107) patients received radiation therapy. Modi ed radical mastectomy was performed in 57% (n = 69), breast conservation surgery in 35.5% (n = 43), follow- up period was 5 years, local recurrence was observed in 12.4% (n = 15) and cancer related deaths were 42.1% (n = 51). Conclusions: Breast cancer in very young has very aggressive tumour biology, needs aggressive treatment with surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormonal therapy. Key words: Breast cancer, pregnancy-associated aggressive tumour biology, triplenegative, young

Solving linear and nonlinear klein-gordon equations by new perturbation iteration transform method

We present an effective algorithm to solve the Linear and Nonlinear KleinGordon equation, which is based on the Perturbation Iteration Transform Method (PITM). The Klein-Gordon equation is the name given to the equation of motion of a quantum scalar or pseudo scalar field, a field whose quanta are spin-less particles. It describes the quantum amplitude for finding a point particle in various places, the relativistic wave function, but the particle propagates both forwards and backwards in time. The Perturbation Iteration Transform Method (PITM) is a combined form of the Laplace Transform Method and Perturbation Iteration Algorithm. The method provides the solution in the form of a rapidly convergent series. Some numerical examples are used to illustrate the preciseness and effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that the PITM is very efficient, simple and can be applied to other nonlinear problems.Publisher's Versio

Ownership Structure and Firms’ Performance:Evidence from Finance Sector in Malaysia

Corporate governance is an internal control system that is essential for sustainable growth and continuous improvements to cater the needs of all parties involved, including investors, employees, customers and shareholders. The study of significance of ownership structure to the firms’ performance in Malaysia is not done extensively in Malaysia. This study gives a better understanding on the issue to strengthen such structures. The corporate governance have been used to address the issue of ownership structure. It is stated that corporate governance can reduce the conflict of interest among shareholder and management. This paper examines the relationship between ownership structure variables and firms’ performance using a sample of 14 firms that listed in Bursa Malaysia in finance sector from 2010 to 2014. Firms’ performance is measured using return on assets (ROA) while managerial ownership (MO) and foreign ownership (FO) represents ownership structure variables. The results from random effects model reveal that the variables are insignificant but they have the positive relationship. From these findings, it revealed that managerial ownership has a positive impact on performance supported by numerous research that had been done

Aortic valve surgery: management and outcomes in the paediatric population

Congenital anomalies of the aortic valve frequently necessitate intervention in childhood. The most common aortic valve pathologies present in childhood are aortic stenosis and insufficiency. Presentation of aortic valve disease depends on severity and presence of concomitant syndromes and valvular disorders. Treatment options are largely categorised as medical, percutaneous repair or surgical repair and replacement. Surgical techniques have been refined over the last few years making this the mainstay of treatment in paediatric cases. Whilst repair is considered in most instances before replacement, there are substantial limitations which are reflected in the frequency of reintervention and restenosis rate. Replacements are typically undertaken with tissue or mechanical prosthesis. The current gold-standard aortic valve replacement surgery is called the Ross procedure-where replacement is undertaken with a competent pulmonic valve and a simultaneous pulmonary homograft.Conclusion: In this review, we aim to outline the various surgical options and discuss efficacy and complications of various interventions. What is Known: • Congenital aortic valve defects repair options medically and surgically What is New: • Comparisons between surgical options for aortic valve repair including efficacy, risks and long-term outcomes

Countdown to 2030 : tracking progress towards universal coverage for reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health

Building upon the successes of Countdown to 2015, Countdown to 2030 aims to support the monitoring and measurement of women's, children's, and adolescents' health in the 81 countries that account for 95% of maternal and 90% of all child deaths worldwide. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030, the rate of decline in prevalence of maternal and child mortality, stillbirths, and stunting among children younger than 5 years of age needs to accelerate considerably compared with progress since 2000. Such accelerations are only possible with a rapid scale-up of effective interventions to all population groups within countries (particularly in countries with the highest mortality and in those affected by conflict), supported by improvements in underlying socioeconomic conditions, including women's empowerment. Three main conclusions emerge from our analysis of intervention coverage, equity, and drivers of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) in the 81 Countdown countries. First, even though strong progress was made in the coverage of many essential RMNCH interventions during the past decade, many countries are still a long way from universal coverage for most essential interventions. Furthermore, a growing body of evidence suggests that available services in many countries are of poor quality, limiting the potential effect on RMNCH outcomes. Second, within-country inequalities in intervention coverage are reducing in most countries (and are now almost non-existent in a few countries), but the pace is too slow. Third, health-sector (eg, weak country health systems) and non-health-sector drivers (eg, conflict settings) are major impediments to delivering high-quality services to all populations. Although more data for RMNCH interventions are available now, major data gaps still preclude the use of evidence to drive decision making and accountability. Countdown to 2030 is investing in improvements in measurement in several areas, such as quality of care and effective coverage, nutrition programmes, adolescent health, early childhood development, and evidence for conflict settings, and is prioritising its regional networks to enhance local analytic capacity and evidence for RMNCH