AVALIAÇÃO FOTOBIOLÓGICA DE UMA MISTURA DE FILTROS SOLARES PHOTOBIOLOGIC VALUATION OF SUNSCREENS MIXTURE

O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de uma emulsão anti-solar contendo uma mistura de três filtros solares orgânicos: p-metoxicinamato de octila a 7,0% + metil benzilideno cânfora a 3,0% + p-metoxicinamato de isoamila a 3,0%. O Fator de Proteção Solar (FPS) foi calculado in vitro por método espectrofotométrico. Foi feita a análise da fotoestabilidade da mistura por espectrometria e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para determinar se os filtros sofrem fotodecomposição após serem irradiados com doses 10, 50 e 100 vezes superiores à dose normal para formação de eritema (DME). Foram realizados também testes de fototoxicidade e fotomutagenicidade para determinar se a interação química ocorrida entre os filtros após as irradiações não conferiu nenhuma propriedade tóxica ou mutagênica à mistura. PHOTOBIOLOGIC VALUATION OF SUNSCREENS MIXTURE Abstract The objective of this work to evaluate the efficiency of the sunscreen lotion containing the three chemical sunscreens: octyl p-metoxycinnamate 7%, methylbenzilidene camphor 3% and isoamyl p-metoxycinnamate 3%. The Sun Protective Factor (SPF) was calculated using the in vitro spectrophotometric methods. The photostability of this combination was accessed using spectrophotometry in the UV region and high performance liquid chromatography. The combination of sunscreens was irradiated with doses 10, 50 and 100 higher than the minimal eritemogenic dose (MED). Phototoxicity and photomutagenicity tests were also performed to evaluate if interactions that occurred among the sunscreens after the irradiation gave any toxic or mutagenic character to the combination of sunscreens

Multifunctional photoprotection: corrective makeup for cutaneous dyschromias

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a corrective and photoprotective makeup for patients with dyschromias. An emulsion was prepared and pigment mixtures were incorporated in the formulation, producing five shades of corrective makeup: BEIGE (I, II, III), BRONZE and TAN. The sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA/UVB ratio of the corrective makeup were determined using spectrophotometry with a Labsphere® analyser. The spreadability, occlusivity, stability, and photostability of the photoprotective formulations were also evaluated. For all formulations there was no statistical difference among them (p > 0.05) in terms of spreadability, occlusivity and SPF. They were considered to be photostable under solar radiation, with variations in SPF value and UVA/UVB ratio lower than 20%. The corrective makeup presented average-to-high UVB photoprotection and broad spectrum photoprotection. After 90 days, pH, density and SPF values showed no significant differences among formulations (p>0.05). All corrective makeup presented separation of the pigments, however, they returned to a homogeneous aspect and to the original color shade after shaking. The corrective makeup presented a fine texture, little brightness, and a homogeneous, dry-to-the-touch aspect. This work may benefit patients with dyschromias, improving their quality of life, besides promoting photoprotection and covering the skin blemishes

Development and validation of an analytical method using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate in topical repellent formulations

Diseases caused by insects are frequent in poor countries, leading to epidemic scenarios in urban areas; e.g., Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. For this reason, the development of a safe and efficient topical formulation is essential. Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (EB) is a mosquito repellent developed by Merck, which is used in products for adults, children and especially babies, due to its low allergenic potential. The aim of this work was to validate an analytical methodology to quantify EB in a new poloxamer-based formulation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The quantification methodology was performed at 40 ºC using a Kromasil reverse-phase column (C18), with the dimensions of 250 x 4.6 mm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile:water (1:1) at a 1.0 mL/min flow-rate. The detector wavelength was set at 218 nm to detect EB. The methodology was considered validated since the results indicated linearity (R2>;0.99), specificity, selectivity, precision and accuracy (active recovery between 98% and 102%). It also presented limits of detection and quantification of 0.255 µg/mL and 0.849 µg/mL, respectively. The present study demonstrated the EB vehiculated in poloxamer gel is promising as a new insect repellent formulation, since it could be quantified and quality control evaluated

Farmacovigilância de medicamentos manipulados - Parte 2: notificações de eventos adversos e queixas técnicas no Brasil

Introduction: Compounded drug is a pharmaceutical preparation obtained by a pharmacotechnical procedure from a prescription of a qualified professional intended for an individualized patient, or whose formula is registered in the National or International Form. Objective: To describe  the profile of notifications related to compounded drugs, reported to the National Health Surveillance Notification  System (Notivisa). Method: Descriptive exploratory study, retrospective to the period 2006-2016, of the notifications of compounded drugs reported to Notivisa. Data were recorded and analyzed using the Excel program, version for Windows 3.5.4. Results: Of a total of 108,400 notifications referring to medicines in the studied period, 335 (0.32%) were related to reports of compounded drugs. Technical complaints (QT) obtained 90.40% of the notifications, while adverse events (AE) obtained 9.60%. The Southeast region was the main notifier (66.00%), and the state of São Paulo was responsible for 54.00% of the total notifications. Hospitals were the institutions with the highest frequency of notification (81.00%). It was possible to evaluate the reasons that generated the notifications, of which the  changes related to the aspect of the pharmaceutical preparation were the predominant among the QT, while for the AEs, the adverse drug reactions stood out. Conclusions: The occurrences observed in the pharmacovigilance of compounded drugs are specific to each product with its particularities, although, what is sought is a pattern. In this way, such observation can prevent the occurrence of damages to the population exposed to similar situations, if it is duly notified and widely disseminated.Introdução: Medicamento manipulado é a preparação farmacêutica obtido por procedimento farmacotécnico a partir de uma prescrição de profissional habilitado destinada a um paciente individualizado ou cuja fórmula esteja inscrita no Formulário Nacional ou Internacional. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil das notificações relacionadas aos medicamentos manipulados, reportadas ao Sistema Nacional de Notificação em Vigilância Sanitária (Notivisa). Método: Estudo exploratório descritivo, retrospectivo ao período de 2006-2016 das notificações de medicamentos manipulados reportadas ao Notivisa. Os dados foram registrados e analisados no programa Excel versão para Windows 3.5.4. Resultados: De um total de 108.400 notificações referentes a medicamentos no período estudado, 335 (0,32%) foram relacionadas a notificações de medicamentos manipulados. As queixas técnicas (QT) obtiveram 90,40% das notificações, enquanto os eventos adversos (EA) obtiveram 9,60%. A Região Sudeste foi a principal notificadora (66,00%) e o estado de São Paulo, responsável por 54,00% do total das notificações. Os hospitais foram as instituições com maior frequência de notificação (81,00%). Foi possível avaliar os motivos que geraram as notificações, das quais as alterações relacionadas ao aspecto da preparação farmacêutica foram as predominantes dentre as QT, enquanto para os EA destacaram-se as reações adversas a medicamentos. Conclusões: As ocorrências observadas na farmacovigilância de medicamentos manipulados são próprias de cada produto com suas particularidades, embora o que se busque seja um padrão. Desta forma,tal observação poderá prevenir a ocorrência de danos à população exposta a situações semelhantes, se for devidamente notificada e amplamente divulgada

Farmacovigilância de medicamentos manipulados - Parte 1: perfil das notificações no Brasil

Introduction: Compounded drugs are extemporaneous pharmaceutical preparations, mostly used to enable the pharmacotherapy of special populations through personalized formulations. In this way, they are not subjected to clinical tests prior to their use, and pharmacovigilance actions are fundamental to guarantee their safety. Objective: to describe the profile of compounded drugs registered in the notifications of technical complaints reported to the National Health Surveillance Notification System (NOTIVISA). Method: Descriptive exploratory study, retrospective to the period 2006-2016, of the notifications of compounded drugs reported to Notivisa. Results: 303 notifications of technical complaints regarding 26 officinal, 268 magistral and 09 unclassified medicines were analyzed. 107 different assets were identified. Those with action on the Digestive System and Metabolism were the most frequent (42.00%), followed by those with action on the Blood and Hematopoietic Organs (10.00%), Dermatological (10.00%) and  Cardiovascular System (9.70%). The main quality deviations reported were related to liquid dosage forms, with the presence of foreign bodies, particles or precipitates being the most frequent (22.40%), followed by changes in packaging and labeling (18.60%). Conclusions: It waspossible to describe the main compounded drugs notified to Notivisa, their characteristics and active substances conveyed in the formulations, which can contribute to the actions of Health Surveillance in the masterful scope, which is still incipient in Brazil.Introdução: Medicamentos manipulados são preparações farmacêuticas extemporâneas, em sua maioria utilizadas para viabilizar a farmacoterapia de populações especiais por meio de formulações personalizadas. Desta forma, não são submetidos a testes clínicos anteriores a sua utilização, sendo as ações de farmacovigilância fundamentais para a garantia de sua segurança. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos medicamentos manipulados registrados nas notificações de queixas técnicas reportadas ao Sistema Nacional de Notificação em Vigilância Sanitária (Notivisa). Método: Estudo exploratório descritivo, retrospectivo ao período de 2006-2016 das notificações de medicamentos manipulados reportadas ao Notivisa. Resultados: Foram analisadas 303 notificações de queixas técnicas referentes a 26  medicamentos oficinais, 268 magistrais e nove não classificadas. Foram identificados 107 diferentes ativos. Os de ação no aparelho digestivo e metabolismo foram os mais frequentes (42,00%), seguidos daqueles com ação no sangue e órgãos hematopoiéticos (10,00%), dermatológicos (10,00%) e aparelho cardiovascular (9,70%). Os principais desvios de qualidade notificados foram relacionados às formas farmacêuticas líquidas, sendo a presença de corpo estranho, partículas ou precipitados, a mais frequente (22,40%), seguida de alterações na embalagem e rotulagem (18,60%). Conclusões: Foi possível descrever os principais medicamentos manipulados notificados ao Notivisa, suas características e substâncias ativas veiculadas nas formulações, o que pode contribuir para as ações de vigilância sanitária no âmbito magistral, tão incipiente ainda no Brasil

University Pharmacy: from the foundation to the Pandemic times of Covid-19

The University Pharmacy Program (FU), from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), was created based on the need to offer a curricular internship to students of the Undergraduate Course at the Faculty of Pharmacy. Currently, it is responsible for the care of about 200 patients/day, offering vacancies for curricular internships for students in the Pharmacy course, it has become a reference in the manipulation of many drugs neglected by the pharmaceutical industry and provides access to medicines for low-income users playing an important social function. Research is one of the pillars of FU-UFRJ and several master and doctoral students use the FU research laboratory in the development of dissertations and theses. As of 2002, the Pharmaceutical Care extension projects started to guarantee a rational and safe pharmacotherapy for the medicine users. From its beginning in 1982 until the current quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic, FU-UFRJ has been adapting to the new reality and continued to provide patient care services, maintaining its teaching, research, and extension activities. The FU plays a relevant social role in guaranteeing the low-income population access to special and neglected medicines, and to pharmaceutical and education services in health promotion

Educação em saúde como estratégia articulada entre Farmácia Universitária e Escolas públicas do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para a promoção do uso racional de medicamentos

O uso racional de medicamentos é um componente-chave das recomendações da OMS para a assistência à saúde. Logo, ações de educação em saúde que o promovam são fundamentais para melhores indicadores de saúde, qualidade de vida e redução de gastos públicos. O presente trabalho descreve as experiências da ação “O remédio é a informação”, cujas atividades em escolas públicas do estado do Rio de Janeiro integram o projeto de extensão multidisciplinar “Estabelecimento de uma relação multidisciplinar construtiva com as escolas públicas: uma contribuição da Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro”. Três escolas receberam a equipe de pesquisa e, com base nas demandas levantadas por seus docentes, os estudantes da Farmácia Universitária da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro produziram materiais educativos e, em parceria com seus professores, planejaram campanhas educativas. As oficinas foram realizadas entre os anos 2016 e 2019. As ações reuniram 23 professores e cerca de 2900 alunos do ensino fundamental e médio. Ademais, a Farmácia Universitária recebeu cerca de 150 escolares no mesmo período em seus laboratórios. A experiência de participar de atividades pedagógicas para além dos limites da universidade criou novas oportunidades de aprendizagem e ensino para os estudantes. A atividade de extensão através do intercâmbio de vivências trouxe benefícios para todos os participantes e promoveu a conscientização da comunidade a respeito do uso racional de medicamentos. Palavras-chave: Promoção da saúde; Educação básica; Automedicação Health education as an articulated strategy between university pharmacy and public schools in the state of Rio de Janeiro to promote the rational use of medicines Abstract:  The rational use of medicines is a crucial component of the WHO health care recommendations. Therefore, its promotion through health education is essential for better health indicators, quality of life, and reduce public expenses. This work describes the experiences of the project called 'Information is the medicine', whose activities in public schools in the state of Rio de Janeiro are part of the multidisciplinary extension project entitled "Establishment of a constructive multidisciplinary relationship with public schools: a contribution from the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro." The research team visited three schools and, based on the demands raised by their teaching staff, the University Pharmacy interns produced educational materials and, in partnership with their professors, planned educational campaigns. The workshops were held between 2016 and 2019. The actions brought together 23 teachers and about 2900 elementary and high school students. In addition, the University Pharmacy laboratories were visited by about 150 students in the same period. The experience in pedagogical activities beyond the confines of the university has created novel learning and teaching opportunities for students. The extension activity through the exchange of experiences benefited all participants and promoted community awareness toward the rational use of medicines. Keywords: Health promotion; Basic education; Self-medicatio

Development and clinical application of hydrogel formulations containing papain and urea for wound healing

Hydrogels are used for wound treatment, as they may contain one or more active components and protect the wound bed. Papain is one of the active substances that have been used with this purpose, alongside urea. In this paper, carboxypolymethylene hydrogels containing papain (2% and 10% concentrations) and urea (5% concentration) were produced. Physical-chemical stability was performed at 0, 7, 15 and 30 days at 2-8ºC, 25ºC and 40ºC, as well as the rheological aspects and proteolytic activity of papain by gel electrophoresis. Clinical efficacy of the formulations in patients with lower limb ulcers was also evaluated in a prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind and comparative clinical trial. The results showed 7-day stability for the formulations under 25ºC, in addition to approximately 100% and 15% of protein activity for 10% and 2% papain hydrogel, respectively. The rheological profile was non-Newtonian for the 10% papain hydrogel tested. There were no significant differences regarding the mean time for healing of the lesions, although 10% papain presented a better approach to be used in all types of tissue present in the wound bed

Compostos capazes de absorver radiação ultravioleta, composições contendo os mesmos e processos para sua preparação

Em 04/11/2016: Restauração de pedido, patente ou certificado de adição de invençãoDepositadaA presente invenção trata de moléculas capazes de absorver radiação ultravioleta obtidas a partir de modificações no líquido da castanha de caju; são também descritas composições destinadas à proteção de superfícies e processos químicos para a produção das referidas moléculas

Dermatological biopharmaceutical evaluation of semi-solid formulations of ketoconazole

O cetoconazol (CTZ) é um antifúngico imidazólico de amplo espectro, administrado tipicamente pela via oral (200 ou 400 mg por dia) ou topicamente (creme 2% aplicado duas vezes ao dia). A efícácia da terapia tópica depende das características de liberação do fármaco, do veículo e da farmacocinética da substância ativa no tecido cutâneo, ou seja, de como ela se difunde através da pele. No presente trabalho, duas formulações comerciais (A e B), uma manipulada (C) e três desenvolvidas (D2:0; El: 1 e FO:2) contendo CTZ na concentração de 20 mg/g, foram estudadas quanto às características físico-químicas e quanto ao comportamento biofarmacêutico/bioequivalente tópico, através de medidas adequadas do ativo na camada do estrato córneo (EC). Uma metodologia in vivo denominada tape-stripping ou \'remoção do estrato córneo\' por fitas adesivas foi utilizada para medir a velocidade e extensão da penetração do CTZ no EC do antebraço de voluntários sadios. Um sistema bicompartimental de difusão vertical com membrana sintética (acetato de celulose) e membrana natural (pele suína) foi empregado para avaliar in vitro a taxa de liberação e a avaliação da penetração e eventual permeação do fármaco, respectivamente. Todas as amostras foram analisadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE), com método previamente validado. Nos estudos in vivo, as quantidades de fármaco determinadas no EC (µg/mg) para cada tempo da aplicação foram analisadas estatisticamente empregando-se análise da variância (ANOVA) considerando dois fatores: Fator 1 = tratamento com dois níveis e Fator 2 = antebraços (esquerdo e direito). Dentre os produtos avaliados somente entre A e C houve diferença estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05). Os ensaios de liberação, através da avaliação do fluxo de fármaco para o meio aceptor, evidenciaram agrupamento das formulações em duas categorias distintas entre si com fluxo entre 2,41, 2,16 e 2,49 µg/cm2/h compreendendo A, B e F0:2 (p = 0,171) e outra com fluxo entre 5,85, 6,28 e 7,21µg/cm2/h para C, D2:0 e E1:1 (p = 0,478) pela ANOVA com α = 0,05. A quantidade de CTZ nos estratos cutâneos da pele suína diminuiu com a profundidade, ou seja, na derme foi detectado menor quantidade de fármaco após aplicação das formulações A, B e F0:2 e não foi detectado sua presença na solução receptora. As formulações A, B e F0:2 não apresentaram um perfil de penetração cutânea na epiderme e na estatisticamente diferente ao nível de 5% (p =0,609 e p = 0,269, respectivamente). A bioequivalência foi avaliada empregando os dados obtidos nos estudos in vivo, de acordo com os critérios das razões (ASC0-240min) entre os produtos B, C e F0:2 em relação a A (considerado referência) com intervalo de confiança de 90% (IC 90%). Considerat1do o limite de 80-125%, as formulações não seriam bioequivalentes, pois existe uma grande diferença entre os produtos A e B, entre A e C, já A e F apresentam intervalo mais próximo do limite citado. Com base nesses resultados, a formulação do produto F poderia ser indicada a um possível desenvolvimento de genérico do produto A.Ketoconazole (KTZ) is an imidazolic antifungal, of broad-spectrum, typically administered orally (200 or 400 mg per day) or topical1y (2% cream, applied twice daily). The efficacy of the topical therapy depend on the characteristics of the drug\'s release, of the vehicle and of the active substance\'s pharmacokinetic in the cutaneous tissue, in other words, on how this substance diffuses through the skin. On this paper, two commercial formulations (A and B), one manipulated (C) and three developed (D2:0; E1: 1 and F0:2) containing KTZ on the concentration of 20 mg/g, were studied in relation to the physical-chemical characteristics and to the bioavailability/bioequivalence topic behave by an adequate active layer\'s measurement of the stratum corneum (SC). The methodology in vivo called as tape stripping or \'stratum corneum remotion\' by adhesive tapes was proposed to measure the rate and KTZ penetration\'s extension in the SC of healthy volunteers\' forearm. A bicompartmental system of vertical diffusion with sintetic membrane (celullose acetate) and natural membrane (porcine skin) was used to evaluate in vitro the rate of release and the penetration evaluation and eventual drug permeation, respectively. All samples were then submitted to HPLC analysis by previously validated method. In the studies in vivo the amount of drug determined in the SC (µ/mg) for each application time was analyzed using variance\'s analysis (ANOVA) considering two factors: Factor 1 = treatment with two leveis and Factor 2 =forearm (left and right). Among the products evaluated there was only between A and C a statistical1y significant difference (p < 0,05). The assays of release, through the evaluation of the drug flow to the receptor chamber, evidenced the grouping of formulations in two categories, different among themselves, with flow among 2,41; 2,16 and 2,49 µg/cm2/h comprehending A, B and F(0:2) (p = 1,171) and other with flow among 5,85; 6,28 and 7,21µg/cm2/h and to C, D2:0 and E1:1 (p = 0,478) by ANOVA with a = 0,05. The amount of KTZ in the cutaneous stratum of porcine skin decreased with the depth, in other words, a lower value for drug was detected in the dermis after formulations\' application A, B and F0:2 and its presence was not detected in the receptor solution. Formulations A, B and F0:2 did not present a cutaneous penetration\'s profile, in the epidermis and dermis, statisticalIy different by level of 5% (p = 0,6097 e p = 0,269, respectively). Bioequivalence was evaluated using datas obtained from studies in vivo, according to criterias of reason_(ASC0-240min>) among the products B, C and F in relation to A (considered as reference) with interval of confidence of 90% (IC 90%). Considering the 80-125% limit, the formulations would not be bioequivalents, because there is a big difference among products A and B, A and C; now A and F present the nearest interval to thc quoted limito Basing on these results, the formulation of the product F could be indicated a possible generic development of product A