Efficiency of manipulating dosage of fenton's reagents effects towards the desradation of sulfinol-D in wastewater

The present study deals with Fenton's degradation of a waste water containing Sulfinol-D. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the efficiency of treatment under a wide range of operating parameters

Fate and Effect of Hydroxyl Functionalized Imidazolium Ionic Liquids on Biological Systems

1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium chloride [IM12OHCl], 1-(3- hydroxypropyl)-3-methyl imidazolium chloride [IM13OHCl] and 1-(6-hydroxyhexyl)- 3-methyl imidazolium chloride [IM16OHCl] have been synthesized in the laboratory by reacting 1-methylimidazole with 2-chloroethanol, 3-chloropropanol, and 6- chlorohexanol, while 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-ethyl imidazolium chloride [IM22OHCl] has been synthesized by reacting 1-ethylimidazole with 2-chloroethanol. The toxicity of these ionic liquids are determined according to OECD Guideline 203. Six aquarium filled with 5 L of lake water are prepared. The water temperature is kept at 23 ±1 °C and aerated to restore the concentration of dissolved oxygen to at least 60% of its air saturation value. 10 fish are placed in each aquarium and the aquariums are kept under normal laboratory illumination with a daily photoperiod of 12 h. A limit test is performed at the concentration of 100 mg L-1 of each synthesized ionic liquid and left for 96 hours. After 96 hours, 2 fish died in the aquarium containing 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 3-ethyl imidazolium chloride, while no fish died in the other aquariums. The full toxicity test according to OECD Guideline 203 is performed using 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)- 3-ethyl imidazolium chloride at five concentrations from 20.0 to 100.0 mg/L and result shows that no fish died. It is concluded that all the four ionic liquids tested are non-toxic to freshwater fis

THE EFFECT OF COLLECTIVISM DIVERSITY TOWARDS MULTICULTURAL TEAMWORK PERFORMANCE AMONG RESTAURANT EMPLOYEES

Diversity is now an important factor that impacted workforce performance. Currently, as having a diverse workforce, Malaysia is depending heavily on foreign workers in the hospitality industry. This study examined a conceptual model investigating the effect of diversity particularly collectivism in influencing multicultural teamwork performance. A self-administered questionnaire was conducted in casual ethnic restaurants in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The findings disclosed that collectivism diversity had a significant influence on multicultural teamwork performance. This study is the first to assess cultural value diversity particularly collectivism value on teamwork performance. This study verified that cultural value diversity increases multicultural teamwork performance in the restaurant context in relation to collectivism. The significant results deepen our understandings of the detailed relationships among the variables. In addition, by providing the current phenomena in workforce industry, this study provides insights to the restaurant managers in handling diversity among multicultural employees

Hubungan di antara pengaturan kerja fleksibel dan prestasi pekerja dalam kalangan ejen insurans wanita

Ejen insurans merupakan jurujual pertengahan bagi syarikat insurans di mana mereka memainkan peranan penting dalam memberi khidmat nasihat kewangan (Hannah, 2011). Ejen insurans bekerja berdasarkan persekitaran pengaturan kerja yang fleksibel di mana mereka boleh menyediakan jadual waktu bekerja sendiri. Sebahagian daripada mereka bertemu dengan pelanggan pada waktu perniagaan siang hari, sementara yang lain pula membuat kertas kerja dan menyediakan konsultasi untuk pelanggan pada waktu petang. Kebanyakan mereka bekerja selama 40 jam seminggu dan ada juga beberapa ejen yang bekerja lebih lama daripada 40 jam (Hannah, 2011). Prestasi ejen insurans sangat penting untuk mengekalkan jenama produk insurans. Penilaian terhadap prestasi di kalangan ejen insurans biasanya bergantung kepada kejayaan atau kegagalan mencapai sasaran penjualan (Insurance Agent Job Overview, 2019). Proses menjual produk insurans memerlukan masa kerana mereka perlu mendekati pelanggan sebanyak mungkin dan ketersediaan waktu bekerja yang tidak tetap

Pertumbuhan Populasi Daphnia Spp. Yang Diberi Pupuk Limbah Budidaya Karamba Jaring Apung (Kja) Di Waduk Cirata Yang Telah Difermentasi Em4

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pertumbuhan populasi Daphniaspp.yang dibudidayakan dalam media yang diberi pupuk yang berasal dari limbah budidaya Karamba Jaring Apung (KJA) yang berasal dari Waduk Cirata yang telah difermentasi terlebih dahulu menggunakan EM4.Sampel limbah diambil dari KJA di Waduk Cirata, Blok Cipanas Desa Calincing, Cianjur.Fermentasi limbah dan kultur Daphniaspp. dilakukan di Laboratorium Akuakultur Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan Universitas Padjadjaran. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai bulan Agustus 2007 sampai dengan Desember 2007. Penelitian dilaksanakan menggunakan metode eksperimental, rancangan yang dipakai adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari : kotoran ayam 5 gr/L air sebagai kontrol, limbah budidaya tanpa difermentasi sebanyak 5 gr/L air; limbah budidaya yang telah difermentasi sebanyak 2,5 gr/L air; limbah budidaya yang telah difermentasi sebanyak 5 gr/L air; limbah budidaya yang telah difermentasi sebanyak 7,5 gr/L air dan limbah budidaya yang telah difermentasi sebanyak 10 gr/L air. Parameter yang diamati meliputi, laju pertumbuhan populasi, laju mortalitas populasi, kepadatan pada saat puncak populasi dan waktu mencapai puncak populasi serta kandungan nutrisi Daphnia spp hasil budidaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan limbah budidaya KJA yang telah difermentasi EM4, sebanyak 10 gr/L air menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan sebesar 58,48% serta mortalitas sebesar 23,10%, dengan kepadatan populasi Daphniaspp. sebanyak 1541 ind./L yang dicapai pada hari kesepuluh, Nilai-nilai tersebut hampir sama dengan yang dihasilkan pada penggunaan kotoran ayam dengan nilai 60,01%, 27,80%, 1426 ind/L pada hari kesembilan secara berturut-turut

PERSEBARAN TINGKAT KEBISINGAN KERETA API DAN UPAYA MASYARAKAT MENGHADAPI KEBISINGAN DI PERMUKIMAN REL KERETA API KELURAHAN KETINTANG GAYUNGAN KOTA SURABAYA

AbstrakPertumbuhan penduduk di Kota Surabaya yang tanpa diimbangi oleh perkembangan lahan menjadikan penduduk mendirikan rumah di pinggiran jalur rel kereta api dengan kondisi dimana hanya berjarak 2-5 meter dari rel kereta api maka akan terkena dampak suara bising dari kereta api. Data pra survei terdapat 34 kereta api melintas dalam setiap harinya di jalur tersebut dan menimbulkan tidak kenyamanan lingkungan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui persebaran kebisingan dan bagaimana upaya masyarakat mengantisipasi kebisingan tersebut.Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Titik pengukuran yang diperhitungkan berjumlah 10 titik berlokasi di sepanjang permukiman pinggiran rel kereta dengan jarak 3 dan 9 meter disertai kondisi permukiman yang berbeda-beda. Pengukuran menggunakan alat Sound Level Meter. Teknik analisis data menggunakan rumus sesuai KEP- 48/MENLH/11/1996. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif.Hasil penelitian persebaran tingkat kebisingan di waktu siang hari pada jarak 3 meter antara 74.42-72.06 dB (A) sedangkan pada jarak 6 meter antara 71.1-65.15 dB(A). Waktu malam hari pada jarak 3 meter antara 70.69-68.23 dB(A) sedangkan pada jarak 6 meter antara 67.69-61.59 dB(A). Upaya yang dilakukan oleh mayoritas responden adalah berhenti sejenak saat kereta melintas.Kata Kunci : Persebaran, Tingkat Kebisingan, Upaya Masyaraka

New approaches in avoiding gas hydrate problems in offshore and deepwater operation

Oil industry is facing with challenging gas hydrates and flow assurance issues in deepwater developments. The situation is not any better for Brown fields as a result of increasing water cut. The other factor which is playing an increasing role is product quality and environmental concerns, demanding reduction in chemical usage. The current industry practice for hydrate prevention is injecting hydrate inhibitors at the upstream end of pipelines based on the calculated or measured hydrate phase boundary, water cut, worst pressure and temperature conditions, and the amount of inhibitor lost to non-aqueous phases. In general, systematic ways of controlling and monitoring along the pipeline and/or downstream to examine the degree of inhibition are very limited. Monitoring changes in the pipeline pressure drop is inadequate to provide reliable indicator for hydrate formation and deposition. Therefore, early hydrate warning and online hydrate monitoring techniques are demanded to optimise inhibitor dosage, reduce the risk of gas hydrate formation/deposition and the cost of mitigating the blockage in subsea pipelines. The primary part of this thesis is to develop a new approach for early warning system and monitoring against initial hydrate formation. It is known that the formation of hydrates changes the water structure, which is claimed to remain in the aqueous phase for a period of time even after the dissociation of gas hydrates. This change of water structure is hypothesized to be in the form of water memory. Therefore, two hydrate early warning techniques are investigated based on the presence of water memory resulted from hydrate formation. The techniques investigated in this thesis are dielectric properties and onset of ice formation. In this thesis, the new approach demonstrate that dielectric properties at microwave frequencies has the potential to be used as a downstream and online analysis for detecting the initial hydrate formation and/or presence of hydrate particles and/or changes in water structure due to hydrate formation. Characteristic of onset of ice formation by freezing method for water samples with and without hydrate water memory shows that samples with water memory nucleate faster than that without water memory. It is concluded that the new approach described above have potential to be developed for early warning and online hydrate monitoring. The results are very encouraging and could potentially change the industrial approach to gas hydrate control strategy. Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) have been applied in the field to prevent gas hydrate problems by delaying gas hydrate nucleation and/or growth and to prevent agglomeration of hydrates from growing larger enough to plug the flowline. However, the mechanism of hydrate formation and inhibition is still not well understood. It is believed micro-scale investigation could provide vital clues. The second aim of this thesis is to investigate the inhibition mechanism of Low Dosage Hydrate Inhibitors (LDHIs) by visual observation of gas hydrate formation, growth, and morphology by means of high-pressure glass micromodels, multichanel flow conduits, and glass capillary tubes. Extensive novel data and knowledge was generated from these techniques. The finding of this study shows that various hydrate morphologies formed in the presence of different KHIs for Natural Gas Hydrate and Methane Hydrate. It was concluded that these techniques provides a new data to supplement the lacking of knowledge on the kinetics of gas hydrate inhibition and morphologies

Pre-retirement program for retired army in Malaysia

The research is entitled Pre-Retirement Program for Retired Army in Malaysia. This research is mainly about the pre-retirement program that provided by PERHEBAT. PERHEBAT is the main organization that organized this pre-retirement program for Malaysia Armed Forces (ATM). Generally, the goal of this study was to examine the implementation and effectiveness of the pre-retirement program for retired army. The qualitative method will be use in this research. The primary sources would be collected by doing the interview and statistical analysis on pre-retirement program. The research finding shows that there are several factors causing the problems faced by the military or former military members in preparing themselves mentally, skills, knowledge and experience to cope with life as a layman, thus engaging in a career field. These factors come from different sources, namely the regulations imposed by the armed forces, the process of selecting a transition program, the implementation of the program, the adjustment process and attitude of its own members

LITERASI MATEMATIS SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH PERTAMA BERDASARKAN GENDER PADA KONTEN SPACE AND SHAPE : Survey terhadap Siswa SMP Negeri di Kota Bandung

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji literasi matematis siswa SMP Negeri di Kota Bandung dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) konten space and shape berdasarkan gender. Penelitian ini juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui komponen proses yang unggul dari siswa laki-laki dan perempuan. Lebih jauh lagi, tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyelidiki kesalahan-kesalahan pengerjaan yang dilakukan siswa dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA konten space and shape berdasarkan kategori kesalahan Watson. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan metode kombinasi (kuantitatif dan kualitatif), yaitu survey cross-sectional dan deskriptif kualitatif. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik stratified random sampling. Responden dari penelitian ini terdiri dari 48 siswa laki-laki dan 44 siswa perempuan yang berasal dari tiga klaster SMP Negeri di Kota Bandung, yaitu klaster 1, klaster 2, dan klaster 3. Dalam studi ini dilakukan tes soal PISA konten space and shape dengan mengambil 2 soal dari masing-masing komponen proses: interpret, formulate, dan employ. Hasil studi ini menunjukkan: (1) Siswa SMP Negeri di Kota Bandung memiliki kemampuan literasi matematis yang baik dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA konten space and shape; (2) Tidak terdapat perbedaan komponen proses yang unggul antara siswa laki-laki dan siswa perempuan dalam menyelesaikan soal PISA konten space and shape. Keduanya baik pada proses formulate; (3) Dari 8 jenis kesalahan, semuanya terdapat dalam tes ini. jenis kesalahan terbanyak yang dilakukan oleh siswa adalah kesalahan manipulasi tidak langsung (undirected manipulation/um). ;---This research was conducted to investigate mathematical literacy of state junior high school students in Bandung in solving PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) matter, space and shape content based on gender. It also investigated whether interpret, formulate, or employ process, be the preference from each gender. Furthermore, the aim of this research was to examine what kinds of student’s error occured in solving PISA matter, space and shape content according to error categories of Watson. This research was using combinated method (quantitative and qualitative), there were cross-sectional survey and qualitative-descriptive. The way of taking sample was using stratified random sampling technique. Respondents of this research consist of 48 male students and 44 female students who came from 3 clusters of state school in Bandung. The study employed a test of PISA matter, space and shape content which contains 2 problems from each process component: interpret, formulate, and employ. The result reports that: (1) Junior high school students in Bandung are in a good category of mathematical literacy in solving PISA matter, space and shape content; (2) Male and female students, both are good on formulate process; (3) From 8 kinds of student’s error, all are occurred in this test. But the main kind of error has done by students is undirected manipulation (um)