68 research outputs found

    A Comparative Study of Process, Product and Process Genre Theory in Writing of Essay at Intermediate Level

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    Different approaches are introduced by number of researchers and scholars to improve writing skill of second language learner. The most prominent of them are product approach, process approach and genre process approach; these approaches 01 paved an instructional environment for learners in class room. The basic purpose of researcher to conduct this study is to investigate the effectiveness of these approaches on the writing skill of students at intermediate level. A quasi experimental study was conducted where one hundred and five students of Govt. college of Samnabad had participated in three and half month writing session, in this session different activities had been applied. To figure out the results pre and post- test were conducted. It is found that the genre process approach has more affirmative effect on the writing skill of students

    A Comparative Study of Process, Product and Process Genre Theory in Writing of Essay at Intermediate Level

    Get PDF
    Different approaches are introduced by number of researchers and scholars to improve writing skill of second language learner. The most prominent of them are product approach, process approach and genre process approach; these approaches 01 paved an instructional environment for learners in class room. The basic purpose of researcher to conduct this study is to investigate the effectiveness of these approaches on the writing skill of students at intermediate level. A quasi experimental study was conducted where one hundred and five students of Govt. college of Samnabad had participated in three and half month writing session, in this session different activities had been applied. To figure out the results pre and post- test were conducted. It is found that the genre process approach has more affirmative effect on the writing skill of students

    On the quaternary systems Ce-Ni-Zn {B, Si}

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    Zinklegierungen mit Seltenerdmetallen sind ein wichtiger Bestandteil des hochfesten und ultraleichten Legierungssystems Mg-Zn-Mn(Ni)-Seltenerden für Anwendungen in der Automobilbranche. Seltenerdmetalle verbessern die mechanischen Eigenschaften wie die Zugfestigkeit, Härte oder die Beständigkeit gegen Korrosion indem sie mit Hilfe von Zink Verunreinigungen an den Korngrenzen der Legierungen beseitigen. Die hier vorgelegte Arbeit gibt detaillierte Informationen über die Phasenbeziehungen und Kristallstrukturen des quaternären Systems Ce-Ni-Zn-(B,Si) bei 800°C, unterstützt durch optische Mikroskopie, Elektronenmikrosondenanalysen, Röntgenpulver- und Einkristallbeugung. Für die Systeme Ce-Zn-B, Ni-Zn-B, Ce-Ni-Zn und Ce-Zn-Si wurden sotherme Schnitte bei 800°C erstellt. Im System Ni-Zn-B wurden sechs ternäre Verbindungen gefunden die in einigen Fällen beträchtliche homogene Bereiche (Mischkristalle) aufweisen meist als Austausch von Ni-Zn bei einem konstanten B-Gehalt, nur im Fall der sogenannten tau-und dann tau1-Phase kam es auch zu einem Zn/B Ersatz. Während der Ni/Zn Austausch (bei konstantem B-Gehalt) ungefähr 4 bis 5 at. % für τ4-Ni3ZnB2 und τ5-Ni48Zn32B20 beträgt, liegt er für τ2-Ni12ZnB8-x (x = 0.43), τ3-Ni21Zn2B20 und τ6-Ni47Zn23B30 unter 3 at. %. Phasenbeziehungen im System Ce-Ni-Zn werden durch einen großen Bereich einer flüssigen Phase im Ce-reichen Teil und durch eine vollständige Lösung der Ce(Ni1-xZnx)5 Phase mit CaCu5-Typ im gesamten Konzentrationsschnitt und dem ganzen Temperaturbereich von 400 bis 800°C charakterisiert. Zn/Ni Austausch konnte (i) die Struktur von CeZn11 bei 800°C stabilisieren, die somit als ternäre Lösungsphase Ce(Zn1-xNix)11 (0.03£x£0.22) erscheint, sowie auch (ii) die ziemlich ausgedehnte Lösung von Ce2(NixZn1-x)17 (0£x£0.53). Im ternären System Ce-Zn-B existiert keine ternäre Verbindung und es wurden keine wesentlichen gemeinsamen Löslichkeiten von binären Phasen festgestellt. Für die Tieftemperatur-Modifikation aCeZn7 (Ce1-xZn5+2x; x~0.33) konnte in dieser Arbeit bis zu 750°C der TbCu2-Typ zugeordent werden. Um die genaue atomare Verteilung in den Kristallstrukturen zu studieren wurden für mehr als 18 Verbindungen Röntgenpulver- und Einkristallbeugung angewendet. An einem Ni0.19Zn1.24B34.22 Einkristall wurde die Kristallchemie des rhomboedrischen β Bormischkristalls, dotiert mit Ni, Zn-Atomen, untersucht. Zinkatome wurden in der E Fehlstelle (Besetzung: 28%) gefunden während statistische Mischungen von Nickel und Zinkatomen (Verhältnis 15.5:84.5) die A1, D und Dd Stellen besetzen. Unter den neu bestimmten Kristallstrukturen wurde im Ni21Zn2B20 (I4/mmm) ein neuer Bor-Metall Cluster gefunden, der als charakteristischer B20-Käfig einen Oktaeder aus sechs Nickelatomen umsachliesst. Es wurde weiters entdeckt, dass Ni3ZnB2 (C2/m) B4 Zickzackketten ausbildet, dass Ce7Zn23-xSix, x = 0.14 (Pbam) aus AuCu3 und ungeordneten BaAl4 Struktureinheiten besteht und dass Ce(Ni1-xZnx)2Si2, x = 0.39 (P 21m) eine Variante des CaBe2Ge2-Typs ist. Physikalische Eigenschaften, einschließlich thermischer Ausdehnung, Härte, elastische und magnetische Eigenschaften sowie spezifische Wärme wurden an den Boridverbindungen Ni21Zn2B20 und Ni3ZnB2 untersucht.Zn-based alloys with rare-earth metals are an important part of the high strength lightweight multinary Mg-based alloy system Mg-Zn-Mn(Ni)-RE for automotive applications. Rare earths (RE) improve the mechanical performance, tensile strength, hardness and also the corrosion resistance by removing impurities from the grain boundaries of their alloys with zinc. The present work provides detailed information on phase relations and crystal structures in the quaternary systems Ce-Ni-Zn-(B,Si) at 800°C backed by light optical microscopy, electron microprobe analysis and x-ray powder and single crystal diffraction. The isothermal sections at 800°C have been established for the systems Ce-Zn-B, Ni-Zn-B, Ce-Ni-Zn and Ce-Zn-Si. In the system Ni-Zn-B six ternary compounds were found, which in some cases exhibit considerable mutual solid solubilities mostly as an exchange of Ni-Zn at constant B-content, but in the case of the so-called t-phase t1-(Ni1-xZnx)21[Zn1-y-z y(B4)z]2B6 (1.5<x<2.25, 0.07<y<0.53, 0<z<0.3) also with Zn/B substitution. Whereas Ni/Zn exchange (at constant B-content) ranges at about 4 to 5 at. % for t4-Ni3ZnB2 and t5-Ni48Zn32B20, it is below 3 at. % for t2-Ni12ZnB8-x (x=0.43), t3-Ni21Zn2B20 and t6-Ni47Zn23B30. Phase relations in the system Ce-Ni-Zn are characterized by a large region for the liquid phase in the Ce-rich part and a continuous solution of the phase Ce(Ni1-xZnx)5 with CaCu5-type through the entire section for the full temperature region from 400 to 800°C. Zn/Ni substitution has found to stabilize the structure of CeZn11 at 800°C appearing as a ternary solution phase Ce(Zn1-xNix)11(0.03£x£0.22) and a rather extended solution of Ce2(NixZn1-x)17(0£x£0.53). No ternary compound exists in the ternary system Ce-Zn-B and no significant mutual solid solubilities of binary phases have been observed. For the low temperature modification aCeZn7 (Ce1-xZn5+2x; x~0.33) up to 750°C the TbCu7-type could be assigned in this work. X-ray single crystal and x-ray powder diffraction were employed to study the precise site occupation and site preferences in the crystal structures of more than 18 compounds. The crystal chemistry of the rhombohedral b boron solid solution co-doped by Ni,Zn metal atoms has been studied on a Ni0.19Zn1.24B34.22 single crystal. Zn atoms were found in the E void (occupancy of 28%) whilst random mixtures of Ni, Zn atoms (ratio 15.5:84.5) occupy the sites A1, D and Dd. Among the new crystal structures determined a new boron-metal cluster was found in Ni21Zn2B20 (I4/mmm) with characteristic isolated B20- cages nesting six nickel atoms in the form of an octahedron. Ni3ZnB2 (C2/m) was found to form B4 zigzag chains, Ce7Zn23-xSix, x=0.14 (Pbam) consists of AuCu3 and disordered BaAl4 structural units and Ce(Ni1-xZnx)2Si2, x=0.39 ( ) is a non-centrosymmetric variant of the CaBe2Ge2-type. Physical properties including thermal expansion, hardness, elastic properties, resistivity, specific heat and magnetization were studied for the borides Ni21Zn2B20 and Ni3ZnB2

    Exploring the Conceptual Understanding of Peace in School Students

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    This paper aims to explore the conceptual understanding of peace in elementary school students which they have learned through school curriculum at their respective schools. Conceptual understanding of peace of students indicates the clarity in the peace promoting objectives in the school education policies and practices. The study in fact meets the gaps in the procedure to promote peaceful thinking in the students. Participants have been included from the public sector elementary schools. For the cross verification of collected data from the students, school educators have also been included in the participants. The study justifies the future need of further addition and revision of theoretical and practical content on peace in the school curriculum. Convenient sampling technique was used in the selection of sampling. The collected data have been analyzed on the basis of grounded theory. The results of the study are significant to the school education policy makers with the understanding of concluded needs in the revision of content on peace in the school curriculum. The study concluded that students have conceptual understanding of peace. However, the participants recommended the addition of text-book on peace elementary school curriculum for the prominent understanding of nature, characteristics and practices of peace in the students

    Technology evaluation: PRO-542, Progenics Pharmaceuticals inc.

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    Progenics\u27s rCD4-IgG2 (PRO-542) is a recombinant fusion protein, which has been developed using the company\u27s Universal Antiviral Binding (UnAB) technology, and is in phase I/II clinical trials for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) infection [273391]. At the beginning of 1997, Progenics received a Phase II Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR) grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious diseases (NIAID) to fund the development of PRO-542 [236048]. A further grant of $2.7 million was awarded in August 1998 for the clinical evaluation of PRO-542 and other anti-HIV therapies [294200]. Progenics is collaborating with the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center (ADARC) in New York and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta [178410]. In February 2000, Progenics and Genzyme Transgenics Corp signed an agreement to continue the development of a transgenic source of PRO-542. Genzyme will develop transgenic goats that produce PRO-542 in their milk in exchange for undisclosed fees and milestone payments. Genzyme will supply PRO-542 to Progenics for clinical trials with a possibility for eventual commercial supply [357291]. Following on from this, in October 2000, Progenics received an SBIR grant to fund a two-year project with Genzyme Transgenics into the development of cost-effective methods for the manufacture of PRO-542, by optimization of the production of the drug in the milk of transgenic dairy animals [385982]. In August 2000, Punk, Ziegel & Company predicted that Progenics Pharmaceuticals will become sustainably profitable in 2003 following the launch of PRO-542 and GMK (Progenics Pharmaceuticals) in 2002 [390063]

    Effect of Teachers’ Competencies on Scholars’ Academic Achievement and Satisfaction

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    The current research paper is an attempt to investigate the effect of teachers’ competencies on academic achievement and satisfaction of MPhil students. Effect is a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause. Obtaining students’ satisfaction and academic achievement as a result of teachers’ competencies is one of the prime objectives of higher educational institutions. Institution failing to get the desired competencies among the learners effect their reputation and students’ intake in future. The academic performance of low performer scholars resulted in quitting the degree. This study employed quantitative approach to test the hypotheses. Forty MPhil scholars from GC University Faisalabad were the sample of the study using census survey. Self-developed research instrument, Teachers’ Competencies and Scholars’ Satisfaction Scale (TCSSS) with Alpha value .954 were used for survey to collect data. The achievement score was scholars’ final test score in the semester. The teachers’ competence indicators were teacher’s content knowledge, presentation skills, students’ teacher interaction and modes of assessment. T-test, Pearson r, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that teacher’s knowledge of subject contributed to scholars’ satisfaction and achievement. Female scholars rate the teachers more competent than their male fellows. It was recommended that the scholars’ performance may be improved by using additional class tests and worksheets

    Effect of Teachers’ Competencies on Scholars’ Academic Achievement and Satisfaction

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    The current research paper is an attempt to investigate the effect of teachers’ competencies on academic achievement and satisfaction of MPhil students. Effect is a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other cause. Obtaining students’ satisfaction and academic achievement as a result of teachers’ competencies is one of the prime objectives of higher educational institutions. Institution failing to get the desired competencies among the learners effect their reputation and students’ intake in future. The academic performance of low performer scholars resulted in quitting the degree. This study employed quantitative approach to test the hypotheses. Forty MPhil scholars from GC University Faisalabad were the sample of the study using census survey. Self-developed research instrument, Teachers’ Competencies and Scholars’ Satisfaction Scale (TCSSS) with Alpha value .954 were used for survey to collect data. The achievement score was scholars’ final test score in the semester. The teachers’ competence indicators were teacher’s content knowledge, presentation skills, students’ teacher interaction and modes of assessment. T-test, Pearson r, and ANCOVA were used for data analysis. The results showed that teacher’s knowledge of subject contributed to scholars’ satisfaction and achievement. Female scholars rate the teachers more competent than their male fellows. It was recommended that the scholars’ performance may be improved by using additional class tests and worksheets

    Development and Challenges of Sports Tourism in Pakistan

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    Tourism is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the world, which accounts for 10% of the global GDP. It is an important mean of income generation, job creation, poverty reduction, foreign exchange earnings and promotion of cross-culturing understanding. It comprises several types of activities including transportation, communication, hospitality, catering, entertainment and advertisement. The aim of this research is to analyse development and challenges faced by sports tourism in Pakistan. Literature is reviewed for this purpose. Data has also been collected from 60 respondents and simple random sampling technique is used for analysis. Closed ended questions were asked from all the respondents. Data analysis tools used for research are mean, mode, median, graphs and percentages. The strength analysis shows the results of research study which concludes that the mean, mode and median tool overall result are above 70% which proves that more development in sports tourism enhances its growth. Good governance has positive impact on sports tourism and more safety and security provided by government may enhance the growth in sports tourism and more tourists will come which encourage the growth of sports tourism industry. This study is of great importance to both academia and practitioners in the tourism Industry of Pakistan as less work has already been done in this field. Keywords: sports tourism, income generation, cross-culturin

    Efficacy of Manual Vacuum Aspiration Vs Conventional Evacuation and Curettage

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    OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Manual Vacuum Aspiration (MVA) compared to Conventional Evacuation and Curettage (E &amp; C) in managing first-trimester miscarriage. METHODOLOGY: A total of 160 patients were enrolled in this comparative study. Patients were categorized into two groups (Group A undergoing MVA) and (Group B undergoing E&amp;C). Each group had 80 cases randomly selected. Stable patients with miscarriages ­&lt; 12 wks of gestation and no comorbid were included in the study. Data was recorded on pre-designed proforma, and analysis was done by SPSS Software. RESULTS: Efficacy of MVA was 97.5% and 92.5% in E&amp;C, with a 7.5% vs 30% complication rate in MVA and E&amp;C Group, respectively. The mean duration of the procedure was 9 minutes in the MVA group versus 18.8 minutes in the E&amp;C group. The hospital stay was 14.2 hours vs 20.3 hours in MVA and E&amp;C Group. 16.25% vs 46.25% of women in MVA vs E&amp;C Group reported post-op pain. 93.75% of women were satisfied with MVA, whereas only 50% of women were satisfied with E&amp;C. 81.25% 91.25% required Anesthesia/Analgesia in MVA and E&amp;C Group, respectively. CONCLUSION: MVA is a more effective and rapidly performing outpatient procedure with a lower complication rate. In this study efficacy of MVA is 97.5% compared to the E&amp;C group, i.e., 92%. Its safety, cost-effectiveness and efficacy advocate its extended use as an alternative to the conventional surgical method of miscarriag

    Abdominal Hysterectomy for Benign Gynecological Diseases

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    OBJECTIVES This study aims to assess the Pap smear screening method’s accuracy in detecting precancerous lesions. METHODOLOGY After fulfilling the inclusion criteria patients were selected, the patient’s bladder was emptied and put in a dorsal position, and Cusco’s speculum was introduced after lubrication followed by insertion of Ayer’s spatula, applied on the transformational zone, and rotated in 360 degrees. Specimen smeared on glass slides and sent to the laboratory with fulfilled lab pre-requisite form. Patients were requested to follow up with a histopathology report. RESULTS Mean age of the patient was 38.111+9.461 years. Among the 77 patients whose samples were taken 15.4% were asymptomatic, 32.1% with vaginal discharge, 17.9% vaginal discharge,17.0% with intermenstrual bleeding and 16.7% were having lower abdominal pain with p value=0.087. Histopathology reports were interpreted upon follow-up visit among those 1.3% came out to be positive for malignancy, 76.6% negative for malignancy while 22.1% had an inadequate sample. CONCLUSION The most common method for screening for cervical cancer is the Pap smear, but its efficacy in detecting early precancerous lesions is very low, possibly due to laboratory error or false technique to a gynecologist of sample technique in our tertiary care hospital. Other screening methods should be used instead of conventional Pap smear
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