Analisis dan Perancangan Sistem Akuntansi dengan Model Driven Development (MDD) Pada Konveksi Anemarie

Informasi Akuntansi merupakan salah satu alat untuk mengambil keputusan dalam perusahaan.Sistem Informasi Akuntansi dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam menghasilkan informasi yang akurat, tepat waktu dapat dipahami dan teruji.Selain itu, sistem informasi akuntansi dapat memudahkan siklus operasional perusahaan baik dari pembelian, produksi, sampai penjualan.Maka dari uraian itu, peneliti ingin menganalisis dan merancang sistem informasi akuntansi pada usaha yang tidak memiliki sistem informasi akuntansi dan masih melakukan pencatatan secara manual. Peneliti menggunakan data sistem akuntansi Konveksi Anemarie periode April 2017 dan Model Driven Development untuk merancang Sistem Informasi Akuntansi konveksi Anemarie. Hasil pengembangan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi dengan Model Driven Development ini ialah Desain Model Data dengan Entity Relathionship diagram baik secara keseluruhan maupun per subsistem, Desain model Proses dengan Data Flow Diagram, dan desain model output dengan pembuatan interface dari form yang dibutuhka

Physician Characteristics Associated With Ordering 4 Low-Value Screening Tests in Primary Care

Importance: Efforts to reduce low-value tests and treatments in primary care are often ineffective. These efforts typically target physicians broadly, most of whom order low-value care infrequently. Objectives: To measure physician-level use rates of 4 low-value screening tests in primary care to investigate the presence and characteristics of primary care physicians who frequently order low-value care. Design, Setting, and Participants: A retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative health care claims collected between April 1, 2012, and March 31, 2016, in Ontario, Canada. This study measured use of 4 low-value screening tests-repeated dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, electrocardiograms (ECGs), Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, and chest radiographs (CXRs)-among low-risk outpatients rostered to a common cohort of primary care physicians. Exposures: Physician sex, years since medical school graduation, and primary care model. Main Outcomes and Measures: This study measured the number of tests to which a given physician ranked in the top quintile by ordering rate. The resulting cross-test score (range, 0-4) reflects a physician's propensity to order low-value care across screening tests. Physicians were then dichotomized into infrequent or isolated frequent users (score, 0 or 1, respectively) or generalized frequent users for 2 or more tests (score, ≥2). Results: The final sample consisted of 2394 primary care physicians (mean [SD] age, 51.3 [10.0] years; 50.2% female), who were predominantly Canadian medical school graduates (1701 [71.1%]), far removed from medical school graduation (median, 25.3 years; interquartile range, 17.3-32.3 years), and reimbursed via fee-for-service in a family health group (1130 [47.2%]), far removed from medical school graduation (median, 25.3 years; interquartile range, 17.3-32.3 years), and reimbursed via fee-for-service in a family health group (1130 [47.2%). They ordered 302 509 low-value screening tests (74 167 DXA scans, 179 855 ECGs, 19 906 Pap tests, and 28 581 CXRs) after 3 428 557 ordering opportunities. Within the cohort, generalized frequent users represented 18.4% (441 of 2394) of physicians but ordered 39.2% (118 665 of 302 509) of all low-value screening tests. Physicians who were male (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.01-1.64), further removed from medical school graduation (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.04), or in an enhanced fee-for-service payment model (family health group) vs a capitated payment model (family health team) (odds ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.42-2.94) had increased odds of being generalized frequent users. Conclusions and Relevance: This study identified a group of primary care physicians who frequently ordered low-value screening tests. Tailoring future interventions to these generalized frequent users might be an effective approach to reducing low-value care

Recent incarceration and risk of first-time injection initiation assistance: A prospective cohort study of persons who inject drugs

BackgroundGiven the prevalence and harms of incarceration among persons who inject drugs (PWID) and their role in injection drug use initiation, we aimed to investigate whether recent incarceration influences the likelihood PWID assist others in their first-ever injection.MethodsProspective cohort study of PWID in Vancouver, Canada who had their PReventing Injecting by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER) baseline visit between December 2014 and May 2017, reported never providing injection initiation assistance previously, and had ≥1 follow-up visit. The primary outcome, provision of injection initiation assistance, was defined via self-report as helping anybody inject for the first time in the past six months. The primary exposure was recent incarceration, i.e., self-report of being jailed, imprisoned or detained in the past six months. Participants were assessed biannually until November 2017, drop-out, or their first report of the primary outcome.Results1,199 PWID (62.1% male; mean (SD) age, 44.4 (12.3) years) were included in our study. Across 4,171 follow-up visits, 67 participants (5.6%) reported providing injection initiation assistance. The proportion of participants reporting recent incarceration varied between 2.4% to 5.1% per follow-up visit. Based on a multivariable discrete-time proportional hazards regression analysis, recent incarceration was associated with an increased risk of providing injection initiation assistance during the same six-month period (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.19 to 5.86).ConclusionsThe observed association between recent incarceration and risk of providing injection initiation assistance suggests that incarceration could be contributing to the expansion of injection drug use practices within vulnerable populations over time

Methods for operationalizing prescription medication switching in pharmacy claims data: a scoping review protocol

Switching between different medications is common in clinical practice and can be due to a number of different factors (e.g., negative side effects and generic entry into the market); however, less is known about how administrative data studies measure drug switching when using pharmacy claims data. Unlike other measures in pharmacoepidemiology that have well-established methodological approaches (e.g., measures of compliance and persistence), the methods for measuring medication switching remain poorly characterized. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to describe how studies leveraging pharmacy claims data have measured drug switching in order to create a repository of common methods and highlight areas for future research

Developing an explanatory theoretical model for engagement with a web-based mental health platform: results of a mixed methods study

Abstract Background With the growing need for accessible, high-quality mental health services, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been increasing development and uptake of web-based interventions in the form of self-directed mental health platforms. The Big White Wall (BWW) is a web-based platform for people experiencing mental illness and addiction that offers a range of evidence-based self-directed treatment strategies. Drawing on existing data from a large-scale evaluation of the implementation of BWW in Ontario, Canada (which involved a pragmatic randomized controlled trail with an embedded qualitative process evaluation), we sought to investigate the influences on the extent to which people engage with BWW. Methods In this paper we drew on BWW trial participants’ usage data (number of logins) and the qualitative data from the process evaluation that explored participants’ experiences, engagement with and reactions to BWW. Results Our results showed that there were highly complex relationships between the influences that contributed to the level of engagement with BWW intervention. We found that a) how people expected to benefit from using a platform like BWW was an important indicator of their future usage, b) moderate perceived symptoms were linked with higher engagement; whereas fewer actual depressive symptoms predicted use and anxiety had a positive linear relationship with usage, and that c) usage depended on positive early experiences with the platform. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the nature of engagement with platforms such as BWW is not easily predicted. We propose a theoretical framework for explaining the level of user engagement with BWW that might also be generalizable to other similar platforms

Investigating a bidirectional relationship between overdose and provision of injection initiation assistance among persons who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada and Tijuana, Mexico

BackgroundIndividuals who initiate injection drug use often receive assistance from an injection-knowledgeable peer. Persons who assist peers in injection initiation events often inject frequently, which heightens overdose risk. As such, overdose and injection initiation events may be correlated. To explore a potential relationship, we assessed temporal associations between experiencing a non-fatal overdose and assisting others in initiating injection drug use among persons who inject drugs in two North American cities - Vancouver, Canada and Tijuana, Mexico.MethodsFrom 2014 to 2018, this retrospective cohort study included people who inject drugs from Vancouver (n=1332) and Tijuana (n=666) who completed a baseline and six-month follow-up interview. Within each site, we assessed bidirectional temporal associations using two separate multivariable logistic regression models: for model 1, recent provision of injection initiation assistance (at six months) was the outcome and recent overdose (at baseline) was the exposure; for model 2, recent overdose (at six months) was the outcome and recent provision of injection initiation assistance (at baseline) was the exposure. Both models adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsVancouver-based participants reporting overdose at baseline had 163% greater odds of reporting provision of injection initiation assistance at follow-up (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 2.63; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.41-4.90); while participants reporting provision of injection initiation assistance at baseline had 89% greater odds of reporting a non-fatal overdose at follow-up (aOR 1.89; 95% CI 1.00-3.57). Among Tijuana-based participants, we did not observe a statistically significant association in either direction.ConclusionFindings in Vancouver suggest that injection initiation assistance and overdose are bidirectionally-associated phenomena. The present findings highlight the need for interventions that ensure that persons who provide injection initiation assistance are given overdose prevention support, both for themselves and for those they assist to initiate injection drug use. While our Tijuana-based results did not suggest a bidirectional relationship, preventative approaches should nonetheless be undertaken

A cross‐sectional assessment of injection of “salts” and HIV transmission‐related behaviours among a cohort of people who inject drugs in Kyrgyzstan

Abstract Introduction Despite the increasing availability of new psychoactive substances (hereafter referred to as “salts”) in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, there is a dearth of epidemiological data on the relationship between injecting “salts” and HIV risk behaviours. This is particularly relevant in settings where injection drug use accounts for a substantial proportion of the HIV burden, such as in Kyrgyzstan, a former Soviet Republic. This study assessed whether injecting “salts” is associated with sexual and injection‐related HIV risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in Kyrgyzstan. Methods The Kyrgyzstan InterSectional Stigma Study is a cohort of people who inject drugs in Kyrgyzstan's capital of Bishkek and the surrounding rural administrative division of Chuy Oblast. We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis using survey data collected from cohort participants between July and November 2021, which included information on injection drug use (including “salts”) and HIV risk behaviours. To minimize confounding by measured covariates, we used inverse‐probability‐weighted logistic and Poisson regression models to estimate associations between recent “salt” injection and HIV risk behaviours. Results Of 181 participants included in the analysis (80.7% men, 19.3% women), the mean age was 40.1 years (standard deviation [SD] = 8.8), and 22% (n = 39) reported that they had injected “salts” in the past 6 months. Among people who injected “salts,” 72% (n = 28) were men, and most were ethnically Russian 59% (n = 23), with a mean age of 34.6 (SD = 9.6). Injecting “salts” was significantly associated with a greater number of injections per day (adjusted relative risk [aRR] = 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.30−1.95) but lower odds of using syringe service programmes in the past 6 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.12−0.32). Injecting “salts” was also significantly associated with lower odds of condomless sex in the past 6 months (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24−0.76) and greater odds of having ever heard of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (aOR = 4.80, 95% CI = 2.61−8.83). Conclusions (PWID) people who inject drugs who inject “salts” are a potentially emergent group with increased HIV acquisition risk in Kyrgyzstan. Targeted outreach bundled with comprehensive harm reduction and pre‐exposure prophylaxis services are needed to prevent transmission of HIV and other blood‐borne viruses

Integrated supervised consumption services and hepatitis C testing and treatment among people who inject drugs in Toronto, Canada: a cross-sectional analysis.

Despite the availability of publicly funded hepatitis C (HCV) treatment in Canada, treatment gaps persist, particularly among people who inject drugs. We estimate correlates of HCV care cascade engagement (testing, diagnosis, and treatment) among people who inject drugs in Toronto, Canada and examine the effect of accessing differing supervised consumption service (SCS) models on self-reported HCV testing and treatment. This is a cross-sectional baseline analysis of 701 people who inject drugs surveyed in the Toronto, Ontario integrated Supervised Injection Services (OiSIS-Toronto) study between November 2018 and March 2020. We examine correlates of self-reported HCV care cascade outcomes including SCS model, demographic, socio-structural, drug use, and harm reduction characteristics. Overall, 647 participants (92%) reported ever receiving HCV testing, of whom 336 (52%) had been diagnosed with HCV. Among participants who reported ever being diagnosed with HCV, 281 (84%) reported chronic HCV, of whom 130 (46%) reported HCV treatment uptake and 151 (54%) remained untreated. Compared to those with no SCS use, participants who had ever injected at an integrated SCS model with co-located HCV care had greater prevalence of both ever receiving HCV testing (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]: 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.24) and ever receiving HCV treatment (aPR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.04-2.69). Over half of participants diagnosed with chronic HCV reported remaining untreated. Our findings suggest that integrated SCS models with co-located HCV care represent key strategies for linkage to HCV care, but that more is needed to support scale-up