Critical factors for successful housing reconstruction projects following a major disaster

Post–disaster reconstruction projects are often considered ineffectual or unproductive because on many occasions in the past they have performed extremely poorly during post-contract occupation, or have failed altogether to deliver acceptable outcomes. In some cases, these projects have already failed even before their completion, leading many sponsor aid organisations to hold these projects up as examples of how not to deliver housing reconstruction. Research into some previous unsuccessful projects has revealed that often the lack of adequate knowledge regarding the context and complexity involved in the implementation of these projects is generally responsible for their failure. Post-disaster reconstruction projects are certainly very complex in nature, often very context-specific and they can vary widely in magnitude. Despite such complexity, reconstruction projects can still have a high likelihood of success if adequate consideration is given to the importance of factors which are known to positively influence reconstruction efforts. Good outcomes can be achieved when planners and practitioners ensure best practices are embedded in the design of reconstruction projects at the time reconstruction projects they are first instigated. This paper outlines and discusses factors that significantly contribute to the successful delivery of post-disaster housing reconstruction projects

Assessment in English for Specific Purposes through Integrated Skills

The article discusses a review of key areas of knowledge and skills in language assessment in English for specific purposes (ESP) teachers and learners, as well as language teacher educators and other language professionals. The study provides insights regarding the reasons for providing both teachers and learners with opportunities to acquire and develop assessment-related knowledge and integrated skills of writing, reading, listening and speaking. The present study also aims to demonstrate the advantages of using assessment in the ESP (English for Specific Purposes) class. By resorting to theoretical support and also practical examples from professional experience, the researcher argues that employing assessment to check the level of the English language skills for students is a beneficial factor for general language progress in the context of specific content language required by the students’ educational outline

Attitudes and Motivation of Afghan Students toward Learning English

AbstractThis study investigated Afghan students’ attitudes and motivation toward learning English at six different universities in Afghanistan. Several factors were believed to influence their success in learning English (i.e., motivation types as a major factor together with variables, such as gender, grades, fields of study, parental/teacher involvement, language learning anxiety and academic achievement). In searching for a reliable attitudinal profile of the subjects, quantitative research methodology was adopted along with mixed research techniques. The data was collected from 457 university students (273 male and 184 female) and 12 university EFL teachers through questionnaires and interviews. The findings showed that most of the Afghan university students held a positive attitude toward learning English and they were highly influenced by three types of motivation (i.e., instrumental, integrative, and intrinsic). Significant differences were found in the attitudes of students in terms of their fields of study, grades, and language learning anxiety. Interestingly, the findings also showed that some students were demotivated to learn EFL due to the propagation that English will no longer widely be used if NATO and US forces leave Afghanistan. It is suggested that EFL teachers should adopt motivational strategies in their classes to develop students’ positive attitudes and enhance their motivation toward learning EFL

Growth and Instability in Area, Production and Productivity of Grape Crop in Afghanistan

Grapes constitute a widely grown fruit in Afghanistan. Grapes can be grown just in anywhere but mostly in Kabul, Parwan, Kandahar, Zabul and Ghazni provinces. In Afghanistan there are three local varieties that offer the best commercial return for export: Shindokhani, Kishmishi and Taifi. New commercial varieties are also being introduced, such as Thompson Seedless and Red Globe, and are beginning to make inroads into foreign markets. The present study estimates the growth rate and instability of area, production, productivity of grape in top five provinces and Afghanistan as a whole during years 2011-12 to 2019-20. To analyse the growth rate and instability of area, production and productivity of grape, the statistical tools like Compound growth rate (CGR) and Coefficient of Variation (CV) were used. The result of the study showed that, the CGR for production in the Kandahar and Ghazni provinces were found positive and significant. While negative growth rate were found in Kabul, Parwan and Zabul provinces. The instability of production and area were very high in Kandahar province compare to the other selected provinces

A Critical Analysis of Sulaiman Layeq’s Literary Life in Afghan Literature

This article strives to explore the literary life of a famous and national poet and writer of Afghani literature – Sulaiman Layeq. He, in modern Pashto literature, spent more than eight decades fighting for the reform of Afghan society. He has published about thirteen works both in poetry and prose. His most important work is Chunghar (1962) for which he was awarded the literature prize in Afghanistan. Different sources and e-sources were checked and reviewed, and the collected data were analyzed based the on thematic analysis technique. In the result as one of the major objectives of the study was that Layeq despite being a famous political figure in the Afghan government he was an accepted national and regional Pashto and Dari language short story writer and a revolutionary poet. He was a literary figure both as a modern writer and a social realist. He has been literary critiqued by many literary scholars according to whom he is a splendid, rebelling, and multiethnic poet. He, with a simple and new literary style, was directly addressing what he was supposed to reform through his writings

Ali Şir Nevâî’nin Fevâidü’l-Kiber Divanı’nda (gazeller) sosyal hayat izleri

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Nizamüddin Mîr Ali Şir Nevâyî (ö. 1501) Klasik Türk Edebiyatı'nın Çağatay sahasında yetişmiş edip, şair, tarihçi, yazar, devlet ve siyaset adamıdır. Onun kaleme almış olduğu tarihî ve edebî eserlerinin hemen hemen hepsi Horasan havzasındaki Türk-İslam kültür ve medeniyetinin oluşmasına katkı sağlamıştır. Dil ve sanat açısından değerli bir âlim olan Ali Şir Nevâyî'nin hemen hemen tüm eserleri tenkitli neşir olarak hazırlanıp Türk Dil Kurumu tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte Nevâyî'nin eserleri, edebiyattan daha çok dil hususiyetleri yönüyle çalışılmıştır. Nitekim klasik eserleri özellikle Nevâyî'nin dili klasik Çağatayca olduğu için günümüz okuru, onun eserlerini anlamada zorluk çektiği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmamızda Nevâyî'nin Fevâidü'l-Kiber adlı Divanı'ndaki sosyal hayat unsurlarını ortaya koymaya ve bu suretle onun daha anlaşılır olmasına katkıda bulunmaya çalıştık. Çalışmamız iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birincisi Giriş bölümü olup bu bölümde Nevâyî'nin hayatı, edebî kişiliği ve eserleri hakkında geniş bilgi verilmektedir. Bu bölümde mevcut literatürdeki bilgilerden yararlanılmış buna ilaveten şairin kendi döneminde kaleme alınmış olan Hüseyin Baykara'nın Çağatayca Risâle eseri; Babür Şah'ın Babür-Nâme eserinde yeralan Nevâyî ile ilgili bilgiler ve Devlet Şah Semerkandî'nin Tezkeresi'ndeki Farsça "Nevâyî" maddesi, onun kişiliği daha yakından tanınması amacıyla orijinal dillerinden günümüz Türkçesine çevrilerek verilmiştir. İkinci bölüm çalışmamızın konusunun işlendiği bölüm olup bu bölümde Nevâyî'nin Fevâidü'l-Kiber Divanı'ndaki gazellerinde sosyal hayata ait unsurlar yer almktadır. Osmanlı sahasında divan şiirine yönelik bazı olumsuz bakışların mevcudiyeti gibi Çağatay sahasında da aynı görüşlerin var olduğunu belirtmek isteriz. Yapılan bu çalışma, eleştirilerin çok yerinde olmadığını ve şiirin sosyal hayat ile iç içe olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Fevâidü'l-Kiber'de yer alan 680 gazel taranarak sosyal hayat unsurlarını içeren beyitler Tipler, Giyim Kuşam, Davranış Biçimleri, Gelenekler, İnanç ve ibadetler, Diğer İnançlar, Tababet, Suç ve Ceza, Eğlence Hayatı ve Haberleşme gibi başlıklar altında toplandı. Ayrıca ilgili beyitler nesre çevrilerek şerhi yapıldı.Nizamuddin Mir Ali Shir Nevâyî (d. 1501) is a poet, a historian, a writer, a state and a politician. He had grown up in Chagatai area of Classical Turkish Literature and almost all of his historical and literary works contributed to the formation of Turkish-Islamic culture and civilization in the old Khorasan zone. Ali Şir Nevâyî with his distinguished works and arts is considered as a significant scholar. Almost all his works were prepared in critical edition and published by Turkish Language Association. However, Nevâyî's works have been studied in terms of dialect characteristics rather than literature. Thus classic works, in particular Nevâyî's books are widely in old Chagatai language. Therefore, it is considered that today's readers have difficulties in understanding his works. In this thesis we worked on social aspects of Nevâyî's Divan of Fawa'id al-Kibar. So, we hope his works would be more and more understandable. SUMMARY Our study consists of two parts. The first one is introduction. In this part its given extensive information about Nevâyî's life, literary personality and his works. In addition, in despite of using current sources, we have used old ones too. Particularly Baykara's Risâle, Devlet Shah Semerkandî's Tezkere and Babur Shah's Babur-Nâme. We translated related parts in toTurkish for the reason of getting original information about his life story. Therefore, it has given as a separate section in this study. The second part is subject of our study, which is social aspects in the ghazals of the Divan of Fawa'id al-Kibar. There heve been some negative perspectives on the Ottoman Divan literature, those perspectives have been on Chagatai literature too. This study reveals that, those negative criticism are not very reasonable and just the opposite of that, it had been intertwined with social life. 680 ghazals of the Divan of Fevâidü'l-Kiber were analyzed. Couplets that contain elements of social life gather up under the titles of Characters, Clothings, Behaviors, Traditions, Beliefs and Worships, Other Beliefs, Treatments, Crimes and Punishments, Entertainments and Communications. In addition, the specified couplets were interpreted into nowadays Turkish to

Şiirde Ayet İktibası: Hakîm Senâî Gaznevî’nin Hadîkatü’l-Hakîka Örneği

Dinî-tasavvufî edebiyatın gelişmesinde ve şekillenmesi Hakîm Senâî-yi Gaznevî’nin (ö. 525/1131 [?]) Hadîkatü’l-hakîka ve şerî’atü’t-tarîka isimli eseri önemli bir yere sahiptir. Hakîm Senâî eserinde manayı derinleştirmek, anlamı kuvvetlendirmek, konuyu pekiştirmek ve söze güzellik katmak için edebiyatta iktibas sanatından yararlanarak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den ayetlere yer vermiştir. Eserde sıkça Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’den lafzî ve manevî iktibaslar yapılmıştır. Hadîkatü’l-hakîka’da hadis, kelâm-ı kibâr, atasözleri ve kısa hikâyelerden bölümlerin yanında ayetlerden lafzî ve manevî iktibaslar yapılmıştır. Mesnevî tarzında 10.000 beyitten oluşan Hadîkatü’l-hakîka’daki şiirlerde ayetlere baş vurulmuş olması eserin ana kaynağının Kur’ân-ı Kerim olduğuna delil kabul edilebilir. Kur’ân-ı Kerim’den bir ayetin tam metni aktarılmış ise tam iktibas (iktibâs-ı tâm), ayetin bir kısmın aktarılmış ise nakıs iktibas (iktibâs-ı nâkıs) denildiği gibi bir ayetin lafzı alıntılanmış ise iktibas-ı lafzî, bir ayetin manasına gönderme yapılmış ise iktibas-ı manevî denilmiştir. Hadîkatü’l-hakîka’daki uygulanan bu usül daha sonra kaleme alınan manzum ve mensur edebî eserlerde de devam etmiştir. Hadika’daki konuların doğru bir şekilde anlaşılabilmesi için şiirlerde iktibas edilen ayetlerin tespit edilmesi önem arzettiği için biz de bu makalede eserde geçen Kur’an-ı Kerîm’den yapılan iktibasları tespit ederek değerlendirmeye çalıştık. Eserde geçen ayetlerin iktibasları tüm yönleriyle çalışmaya mevzu edilmesi bir makale boyutunu aşacağı için de bu çalışmayı Hadikatü’l-hakîka’daki ayetlerin lafzî iktibasları ile sınırlandırdık. Makalede önce edebiyatta iktibas kısaca ele alındıktan sonra Hakîm Senâî’nin hayatı ve eserleri verildi. Daha sonra da makalenin asıl konusu olan Hadîkatü’l-hakîka’da ayetlerden yapılan lafzî iktibaslar tespit edilerek konularına göre tasnifi yapıldı. Çalışma boyunca da önce içinde ayet geçen beyitler tespit edilerek orijinal metni ile Türkçe tercümesi verildi. Akabinde ilgili ayetin Arapçası ve meâli takdim edildi. Böylece beytin muhtevası ile iktibas edilen ayet arasında bağlantı ortaya konmaya çalışıldı. Eserde geçen ayetlerin lafzî iktibaslarınının tamamı tespit edilerek müellifin şiirlerindeki ayet iktibasları ortaya konmaya çalışıldı

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND PRODUCTIVITY AMONG LECTURERS OF SEYYED JAMALUDDIN TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE

Job satisfaction and productivity are the main focus of most organizations. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity of lecturers in “Seyed Jamaluddin Afghan teacher training institute. It was a cross-sectional study. Descriptive and correlational methods were used to analyze the data. The population of the study was 200 lecturers of Seyed Jamaluddin Afghan teacher training institute out of which 131 were selected as a sample by a simple random method. To collect the data two standardized questionnaires, Smith, Kendall & Hulin’s (1969) job satisfaction questionnaire and the AGIO model 1980 manpower productivity questionnaire were used. The findings show that there was a meaningful relationship between the components of productivity and job satisfaction. There was no significant difference between male and female lecturers’ perceptions in terms of productivity. Furthermore, findings showed that lecturers with bachelor's degrees were more satisfied than lecturers with doctorate degrees

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SATISFACTION AND PRODUCTIVITY AMONG LECTURERS OF SEYYED JAMALUDDIN TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE

Job satisfaction and productivity are the main focus of most organizations. Therefore, the present research was conducted to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity of lecturers in “Seyed Jamaluddin Afghan teacher training institute. It was a cross-sectional study. Descriptive and correlational methods were used to analyze the data. The population of the study was 200 lecturers of Seyed Jamaluddin Afghan teacher training institute out of which 131 were selected as a sample by a simple random method. To collect the data two standardized questionnaires, Smith, Kendall & Hulin’s (1969) job satisfaction questionnaire and the AGIO model 1980 manpower productivity questionnaire were used. The findings show that there was a meaningful relationship between the components of productivity and job satisfaction. There was no significant difference between male and female lecturers’ perceptions in terms of productivity. Furthermore, findings showed that lecturers with bachelor's degrees were more satisfied than lecturers with doctorate degrees

Holographic description of elastic photon-proton and photon-photon scattering

We investigate the elastic photon-proton and photon-photon scattering in a holographic QCD model, focusing on the Regge regime. Considering contributions of the Pomeron and Reggeon exchange, the total and differential cross sections are calculated. While our model involves several parameters, by virtue of the universality of the Pomeron and Reggeon, for most of them the values determined in the preceding study on the proton-proton and proton-antiproton scattering can be employed. Once the two adjustable parameters, the Pomeron-photon and Reggeon-photon coupling constant, are determined with the experimental data of the total cross sections, predicting the both cross sections in a wide kinematic region, from the GeV to TeV scale, becomes possible. We show that the total cross section data can be well described within the model, and our predictions for the photon-proton differential cross section are consistent with the data.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure