期间的限制性措施对独联体国家国内生产总值增长的影响

Received March 01, 2023; accepted September 03, 2023.Дата поступления 01 марта 2023 г.; дата принятия к печати 03 сентября 2023.Relevance. Global economy has suffered significant economic consequences as a result of the COVID-19. The impact of the pandemic crisis had generally been felt around the world. However, developing economies, with their many institutional constraints, have been much more affected by the crisis. This prompted governments to devise stringent policies to limit its destructiveness, with the goal of saving the populace while minimizing economic damage. Research objective. We investigate the effect of government’s stringent policies on economic growth and the influence of stringent policies and inflation on economic growth in CIS’s countries. Data and methods. Our analysis is conducted using quantile regression, which is an extension of the Johnson-Neumann interval OLS, and a simple slope analysis for the period from 1 March 2020 to 17 September 2021. Results. Our findings show that the government’s stringent policies have a negative effect on economy, reducing GDP growth by 4.9% in the mean model. Excessively stringent policies have a negative impact on the economy and the consequent decline in living conditions. Conclusions. The findings of this study reveal that policymakers should take a targeted approach to COVID policies, considering the varying effects of stringency across different levels of economic growth and taking into account the potential interaction with inflation rates. By implementing policies that balance the need for public health and economic growth, policymakers can mitigate the negative impacts of COVID restrictions on the economy and minimize the risk of stagnation traps.Актуальность. Мировая экономика понесла значительные потери в результате COVID-19. Воздействие пандемического кризиса в целом ощущалось во всем мире. Однако развивающиеся экономики с их многочисленными институциональными ограничениями пострадали от кризиса в большей степени. В связи с этим правительствам пришлось разрабатывать жесткую политику, направленную на ограничение разрушительных последствий пандемии с целью спасения населения и минимизации экономического ущерба. Цель исследования. Мы исследуем влияние жесткой политики правительства на экономический рост, а также влияние жесткой политики и инфляции на экономический рост в странах СНГ. Данные и методы. Анализ проводится с использованием квантильной регрессии, которая является расширением интервального метода наи-меньших квадратов Джонсона-Неймана и простого наклонного анализа для периода с 1 марта 2020 года по 17 сентября 2021 года. Результаты. Результаты исследования показывают, что правительственные ограничения оказывают негативное влияние на экономику, снижая рост ВВП на 4,9% в средней модели. Проведение излишне жесткой политики оказывает негативное влияние на состояние экономики и, как следствие, снижает уровень жизни. Выводы. Результаты данного исследования показывают, что политикам следует применять целенаправленный подход к разработке политики противодействия COVID, с учетом различного воздействия ограничительных мер в зависимости от уровня экономического роста страны и с учетом потенциального взаимодействия с инфляционным показателем. Проводя политику, обеспечивающую баланс между потребностями здоровья населения и экономическим ростом, государственные органы могут смягчить негативное влияние ограничений COVID на экономику и минимизировать риск возникновения ловушек стагнации.现实性：COVID-19 给世界经济造成了重大损失。全世界普遍感受到了这一疫情危机的影响。然而，一些发展中经济体由于存在许多体制限制，受危机的影响更为严重。因此，各国政府必须制定严格的政策来限制疫情的破坏性影响，以拯救民众和最大限度地减少经济损失。 研究目标：我们研究了政府紧缩政策对经济增长的影响，以及紧缩政策和通货膨胀对独联体国家经济增长的影响。 数据与方法：分析采用了分位数回归，该方法的基础是Johnson-Neyman（JN）的最小二乘法；以及简单斜率分析法，分析期为 2020年 3 月 1 日至 2021 年 9 月 17 日。 研究结果：研究结果表明，政府的限制措施对经济产生了负面影响，在平均模式下，国内生产总值的增长率降低了 4.9%。实施过于严格的政策会对经济状况产生负面影响，从而降低生活水平。结论：本研究结果表明，政策制定者在制定应对 COVID 的政策时应采取有针对性的方法，考虑到限制性措施因国家经济增长水平不同而产生 的不同影响，并考虑到通货膨胀率的潜在作用。通过实施兼顾公共卫生需求与经济增长的政策，政府当局可以减轻 COVID 限制措施对经济的负面影响，最大限度地降低陷入停滞陷阱的风险

Post-harvest management and associated food losses and by-products of cassava in southern Ethiopia

Improved (high yield and disease resistant) cassava varieties were introduced into Ethiopia around the onset of the twenty-first century, as a potential food security crop. At present, limited information is available from the country on post-production aspects of the value chain (VC) and related food losses. The lack of such data prevents policymakers and VC actors from taking steps towards improving VC efficiencies, which can have a significant impact on livelihoods and food security. The focus of this study was to examine the prevailing post-harvest practices in the cassava VC in southern Ethiopia and quantify the extent of food losses and associated by-products in the framework of the recently developed ‘food loss and waste protocol’. The majority of the cassava in the study area was processed into dry chips and milled into a composite flour with teff and maize to prepare the staple bread (injera). ‘Critical loss points’ were during sun-drying (4%) and stockpiling at farm and marketplace (30–50%). Insect pest damage was primarily responsible for food losses at farm and market level. The most important insect species infesting dry cassava were identified during the survey. As far as the by-products were concerned, the ratio of leaf:wood (stem and stump):starchy root on a dry matter basis at harvest was 1:6:10. Further emphasis should be on improving processing and storage technologies to reduce food losses and the better recovery and utilisation of by-products, especially the leaves of cassava, which could be a potential source of protein in human diets

Recovery of Squalene from Wine Lees Using Ultrasound Assisted ExtractionA Feasibility Study

The present work is a systematic approach for valorization of wine lees regarding the recovery of squalene, a bioactive lipid. Such a study is presented for the first time in literature. Separate examination of squalene content in “light” and “heavy” lees from different vinification processes by RP-HPLC demonstrated that these waste streams can be used as a source for this lipid, despite variations due to technological or genetic effects. Next, ultrasound assisted extraction of squalene from the “industrial waste” (the mixture of wine lees generated from different wines) using <i>n</i>-hexane was optimized with the aid of response surface methodology (independent variables: sonication duration and duty cycles). Autolysis was monitored through optical microscopy. Squalene yield (0.6 ± 0.08 g SQ/kg dry lees) was comparable to that of recently examined potential sources (0.2–0.35 g SQ/kg dry olive pomace and 0.06 g SQ/kg olive leaves)

Advantages of supercritical fluid extraction for recovery of squalene from wine lees

Utilization of wastes from winery industry seems to be a cost-effective and an environmental friendly investment. A number of valuable components can be recovered from winery wastes and specifically from wine lees like tartaric acid, b-1,3-glucans, squalene. The main goal of this study was to apply supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction for the isolation of squalene from wine lees. The samples were collected during the fractionation at 12-30 MPa under isothermal conditions at 40 degrees C to monitor the changes in the chemical composition and extract yield with respect to pressure and CO2 consumption. Using SCCO2, total squalene content in the extracts was found to be 16.9 g/kg, a value comparable to the one obtained by using ultrasound assisted extraction (20.4 g/kg hexane extract) or a reference method (acid assisted extraction using organic solvents) (17.6 g/kg). Examination of lipid composition by TLC verified the absence of squalene oxidation products in the extracts marked previously as a drawback of the other extraction techniques

The accuracy of static computer-aided implant surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives: To assess the literature on the accuracy of static computer-assisted implant surgery in implant dentistry. Materials and Methods: Electronic and manual literature searches were conducted to collect information about the accuracy of static computer-assisted implant systems. Meta-regression analysis was performed to summarise the accuracy studies. Results: From a total of 372 articles. 20 studies, one randomised controlled trial (RCT), eight uncontrolled retrospective studies and 11 uncontrolled prospective studies were selected for inclusion for qualitative synthesis. A total of 2,238 implants in 471 patients that had been placed using static guides were available for review. The meta-analysis of the accuracy (20 clinical) revealed a total mean error of 1.2 mm (1.04 mm to 1.44 mm) at the entry point, 1.4 mm (1.28 mm to 1.58 mm) at the apical point and deviation of 3.5°(3.0° to 3.96°). There was a significant difference in accuracy in favour of partial edentulous comparing to full edentulous cases. Conclusion: Different levels of quantity and quality of evidence were available for static computer-aided implant surgery (s-CAIS). Based on the present systematic review and its limitations, it can be concluded that the accuracy of static computer-aided implant surgery is within the clinically acceptable range in the majority of clinical situations. However, a safety marge of at least 2 mm should be respected. A lack of homogeneity was found in techniques adopted between the different authors and the general study designs