Between Eroticism and Social Criticism the Literariness of Shahnon Ahmad's Terdedah (1965)

In the history of modern Malay literature, the 1960s are labelled by many literarycritics as era picisan (the age of dime fiction) because of the flood of karya picisan(dime fiction) in the local market. Karya picisan here refers to works that clearlymanipulate sexual themes, with the intent of conjuring an atmosphere of eroticismto attract readers. Critics generally do not consider these works to be karya sastra(literary works) because they do not fulfil two important criteria that commonlyclassify the term ‘literature', namely bahasa yang indah (aesthetic language) and isiyang berfaedah (beneficial content). In the context of this definition of ‘literature',Shahnon Ahmad's 1965 novel Terdedah is considered problematic because ofincongruities in the estimation of its ‘literariness'. As opposed to critics whoinitially labelled it karya picisan, the ‘literariness' of Terdedah was defended byits own author because it contained elements social criticism. This difference inopinion raises an important point regarding the commonly accepted definitionsof ‘literature' and ‘literariness' in Malay literature: after Shahnon proclaimed hisnovel's worth based on its social criticism, critical reception towards Terdedahshowed an unmistakable shift. With respect to this shift of opinion, this articlewill perform a critical analysis of the meaning of ‘literariness' in relation toTerdedah, and in doing so, clearly determine its status as either a karya picisan orkarya sastra, based on the definition of ‘literature' practised in Malay literature

Hydraulic Analysis of Micro-irrigation Laterals: a New Approach

The current approach in hydraulic analysis of micro-irrigation laterals has been derived from sprinkler irrigation design where pipe sizes and flow rates are large. The approach assumes uniform emitter discharge and emitter barb head loss, or uses empirical formula which are not applicable to micro-irrigation systems due to errors caused by ignoring the effect of water temperature. The formula do not fit the actual head loss in small diameter polyethylene pipes for the range of Reynolds number normally encountered in micro-irrigation and should not be used for accurate analysis. The Darcy-Weisbach equation with a combined friction factor for the smooth pipe and local loss due to emitter connection used in a step by step evaluation of head loss gives more accurate results than the current method. The new approach also considers emitter manufacturing variation, and the effect of temperature changes on emitter discharge and lateral flow rates. This approach makes the use of equivalent pipe length for emitter connection head loss and a factor for dividing flow unnecessary

Integrating vocational training in culinary arts and Islamic studies at juvenile rehabilitation centres: Malaysian experience

The Juvenile Rehabilitation Centres (JRC) in Malaysia aims to provide shelter, counselling and skills training to juveniles specifically for those who wish to transform themselves from the regrettable misdeeds they have committed. At JRCs, an integrated Culinary Vocational Training and Islamic education forms part of their training curriculum. The skills acquired should enable trainees to secure jobs upon completion of training. However, there are some training institutions that lack systematic training structures resulting in trainees becoming less skilful in both vocational and Islamic education. The objective of this research is to identify the effectiveness of an integrated Culinary and Islamic Education curriculum implemented at JRCs in Malaysia. This is a descriptive survey and data was obtained using questionnaire and interview. Respondents comprised 92 trainees, four managers, four culinary trainers and four Islamic education teachers, all from four different JRCs. The findings show that the trainees are happy with their trainings that brought about positive effects for them. Some suggestions have been made to provide improvements in the implementation of the course among them the inclusion of prayers in the Islamic education syllabus

Sharing of gis spatial data intransportation engineering

Geographic Information System (GIS) is classified as an information technology to solve various spatial problems in civil engineering. GIS provides spatial information to the system and therefore, complex spatial analysis of problem could be carried out. The objective of this paper is to promote the use of GIS as a tool for civil engineering problem solving. This paper describes the work undertaken to demonstrate the potential use of GIS in civil engineering via a prototype project. The presentation of this article is mainly focused on the applications of GIS in transportation engineering including transportation, highway and traffic. Moreover, this study could also contribute relevant and benefit guidance to the public and private sectors with techniques in determining potential activity using the GIS software. The utilisation of GIS can prepare and contributes towards a profitable cost and effective service. The end product should be an effective information system and a final potential GIS map. With GIS support, it could assist user to make a more effective and efficient decision on any difficulties that will arise. Compared to the conventional methods, the system provides a proper and an effective, update and accessible result of spatial analysis

Application of e-marketing by small-medium housing developer companies in Kelantan, Malaysia.

Global competition among the players in the housing and construction industry has pushed the companies to be more surviving and struggling for their long term competitiveness and hence;identifying a more innovative marketing strategy. In this context, e-marketing has been considered as one of the main aspects of marketing strategies among the companies, whereby the internet as the main vehicle

Tag-modules with complement submodules H

The concept of a QTAG-module MR was given by Singh [8]. The structure theory of such modules has been developed on similar lines as that of torsion abelian groups. If a module MR is such that M⊕M is a QTAG-module, it is called a strongly TAG-module. This in turn leads to the concept of a primary TAG-module and its periodicity. In the present paper some decomposition theorems for those primary TAG-modules in which all h-neat submodules are h-pure are proved. Unlike torsion abelian groups, there exist primary TAG-modules of infinite periodicities. Such modules are studied in the last section. The results proved in this paper indicate that the structure theory of primary TAG-modules of infinite periodicity is not very similar to that oftorsion abelian groups

Sticker systems over monoids

Molecular computing has gained many interests among researchers since Head introduced the first theoretical model for DNA based computation using the splicing operation in 1987. Another model for DNA computing was proposed by using the sticker operation which Adlemanused in his successful experiment for the computation of Hamiltonian paths in a graph: a double stranded DNA sequence is composed by prolonging to the left and to the right a sequence of (single or double) symbols by using given single stranded strings or even more complex dominoes with sticky ends, gluing these ends together with the sticky ends of the current sequence according to a complementarity relation. According to this sticker operation, a language generative mechanism, called a sticker system, can be defined: a set of (incomplete) double-stranded sequences (axioms) and a set of pairs of single or double-stranded complementary sequences are given. The initial sequences are prolonged to the left and to the right by using sequences from the latter set, respectively. The iterations of these prolongations produce “computations” of possibly arbitrary length. These processes stop when a complete double stranded sequence is obtained. Sticker systems will generate only regular languages without restrictions. Additional restrictions can be imposed on the matching pairs of strands to obtain more powerful languages. Several types of sticker systems are shown to have the same power as regular grammars; one type is found to represent all linear languages whereas another one is proved to be able to represent any recursively enumerable language. The main aim of this research is to introduce and study sticker systems over monoids in which with each sticker operation, an element of a monoid is associated and a complete double stranded sequence is considered to be valid if the computation of the associated elements of the monoid produces the neutral element. Moreover, the sticker system over monoids is defined in this study

Multiple urological problems in young age: a case report

Renal stone disease has been regarded as an uncommon problem in children as compared to adult population. The incidence varies in different parts of continent. Posterior urethral valve is also regarded as uncommon urological problem in pediatric population. The incidence is about 1 per 8,000 to 25,000 life births. A combination of renal calculi, posterior uerthral valve and vesicoureteric reflux in any given case is extremely rare especially in pediatri