Adverse events in families with hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy and mutations in the MYBPC3 gene

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Mutations in <it>MYBPC3 </it>encoding myosin binding protein C belong to the most frequent causes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and may also lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). <it>MYBPC3 </it>mutations initially were considered to cause a benign form of HCM. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical outcome of patients and their relatives with 18 different <it>MYBPC3 </it>mutations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>87 patients with HCM and 71 patients with DCM were screened for <it>MYBPC3 </it>mutations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and sequencing. Close relatives of mutation carriers were genotyped for the respective mutation. Relatives with mutation were then evaluated by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. A detailed family history regarding adverse clinical events was recorded.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In 16 HCM (18.4%) and two DCM (2.8%) index patients a mutation was detected. Seven mutations were novel. Mutation carriers exhibited no additional mutations in genes <it>MYH7</it>, <it>TNNT2</it>, <it>TNNI3</it>, <it>ACTC </it>and <it>TPM1</it>. Including relatives of twelve families, a total number of 42 mutation carriers was identified of which eleven (26.2%) had at least one adverse event. Considering the twelve families and six single patients with mutations, 45 individuals with cardiomyopathy and nine with borderline phenotype were identified. Among the 45 patients, 23 (51.1%) suffered from an adverse event. In eleven patients of seven families an unexplained sudden death was reported at the age between 13 and 67 years. Stroke or a transient ischemic attack occurred in six patients of five families. At least one adverse event occurred in eleven of twelve families.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p><it>MYBPC3 </it>mutations can be associated with cardiac events such as progressive heart failure, stroke and sudden death even at younger age. Therefore, patients with <it>MYBPC3 </it>mutations require thorough clinical risk assessment.</p

Heavy and light roles: myosin in the morphogenesis of the heart

Myosin is an essential component of cardiac muscle, from the onset of cardiogenesis through to the adult heart. Although traditionally known for its role in energy transduction and force development, recent studies suggest that both myosin heavy-chain and myosin lightchain proteins are required for a correctly formed heart. Myosins are structural proteins that are not only expressed from early stages of heart development, but when mutated in humans they may give rise to congenital heart defects. This review will discuss the roles of myosin, specifically with regards to the developing heart. The expression of each myosin protein will be described, and the effects that altering expression has on the heart in embryogenesis in different animal models will be discussed. The human molecular genetics of the myosins will also be reviewed

Genetic analysis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy missense mutations in the ventricular myosin regulatory light chain gene

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a heart disorder characterized by unexplained ventricular myocardial hypertrophy and a high risk of sudden cardiac death. The disease is inherited as an autosomal-dominant trait. Nine disease-causing genes have been described all encoding for sarcomeric proteins. Mutations in the ventricular myosin essential (ELC) and regulatory (RLC) light chain genes are responsible approximately for 1% and 1 - 7% of all HCM cases, respectively. Limited data are available on the disease course and prognosis in HCM caused by mutations in these genes. Therefore, the present study was aimed to analyse the ELC and RLC genes for disease-causing mutations in a group of clinically well-characterized HCM patients. Further purpose was to assess whether the detected mutations are associated with malignant or benign phenotype in the respective families. Methods: 71 unrelated patients with HCM and 14 family members were evaluated using physical examination, ECG and echocardiography. DNA was extracted from blood lymphocytes. Screening of the 6 exons of the ELC gene and the 7 exons of the RLC gene was done by using PCR and single strand conformation polymorphism analysis (SSCP). Samples with aberrant band patterns were directly sequenced. Results: Systematic analysis revealed no mutation in the ELC gene but two disease-associated mutations leading to an amino acid exchange in the RLC gene. The first mutation was found in exon 2 of the RLC gene: a G&gt;A nucleotide substitution at position c.64 caused a replacement of glutamic acid by lysine at codon 22. The second mutation was in exon 4 of the RLC gene: a G&gt;A substitution at nucleotide c.173 led to a change of arginine to glutamine at codon 58. Both mutations affected highly conserved amino acids and were located in the amino terminal half of the RLC close to the putative phosphorylation and calcium-binding sites. They also changed overall electrical charge of this protein region. The Glu22Lys mutation was identified in seven individuals of family K and was associated with moderate septal hypertrophy, a late onset of clinical manifestation, benign disease course, and good prognosis. The mutation Arg58Gln showed also moderate septal hypertrophy, but, in contrast, it was associated with an early onset of clinical manifestation and premature sudden cardiac death in family B. Additionally, a number of sequence differences from reference genomic sequences, one silent mutation, and two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified while screening the ELC and RLC genes. Detected SNPs did not cause an amino acid exchange and did not affect splicing process proceeding from their localisation. Conclusions: Two missense mutations were identified in the ventricular myosin regulatory light chain gene and associated with either benign or malignant HCM phenotypes. These findings show that genotyping could give valuable information for risk stratification, genetic counselling, and treatment strategies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. [Die Hypertrophe Kardiomyopathie (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, HCM) ist eine Erkrankung des Herzens, die durch eine Hypertrophie des Myokards und einem erhoehten Risiko fuer den ploeztlichen Herztod charakteriziert ist. Die Erkrankung wird autosomal-dominant vererbt. Neun HCM-assozierte Genen wurden bisher beschrieben, die alle fuer Sarkomer-Proteine kodierend. Mutationen in den Genen fuer die essentielle (ELC) und regulatorische (RLC) leichte Myosin-Kette sind fuer ca. 1% bzw. 1-7% aller HCM-Faelle verantwortlich. Bisher gibt es nur wenige Informationen zum Krankheitsverlauf und zur Prognose bei HCM-Formen, die durch Mutationen in diesen Genen verursacht werden. Ziel dieser Studie war daher, das ELC- bzw. RLC-Gen in einem Kollektiv klinisch gut charakterisierter HCM-Patienten hinsichtlich moeglicher krankheitsverursachender Mutationen zu analysieren. Darueber hinaus sollte untersucht werden, ob die hier identifizierten Mutationen mit einem malignen bzw. benignen Phoenotyp assoziiert sind. Methoden: 71 unverwandete Patienten mit primaerer HCM wurden mittels koerperlicher Untersuchung, EKG und Echokardiographie evaluiert. Die aus Blutlymphozyten extrahierte DNA wurde mittels exonspezifischer PCR-Amplifikation und Single-strand-conformation-polymorphism (SSCP) Analyse auf Mutationen in den 6 Exons des ELC- und 7 Exons des RLC-Gens untersucht. Proben mit auffaelligen Bandenmustern wurden direkt sequenziert. Ergebnisse: Die systematische Analyse ergab zwei krankheitsassoziierte Mutationen im RLC-Gen, die zu einem Aminosaeurenaustausch fuehren. Im ELC-Gen wurden keine Mutationen gefunden. Die erste Mutation im RLC-Gen ist ein G zu A-Basenaustausch an Position c.64 im Exon 2, der zu einem Austausch von Glutamat durch Lysin im Codon 22 fuehrt. Die zweite Variante verursacht eine Argininsubstitution durch Glutamin im Codon 58 aufgrund eines Basenpaaraustausches an Position c.173 im Exon 4 (G zu A). Beide Mutationen betreffen hoch-konservierte Aminosaeuren in der amino-terminalen Domoene des RLC in der Naehe von moeglichen Phosphorylierungs- bzw. Kalcium-Bindungsstellen. Zusaetzlich wird die elektrische Ladung dieser Proteinregion durch den Aminosaeurenaustausch veraendert. Die Glu22Lys-Mutationen konnte in sieben Individuen der Familie K identifiziert werden und ist mit einer geringen septalen Hypertrophie, einer spaeten klinischen Manifestation sowie einem benignen Verlauf und einer guten Prognose assoziiert. Die Arg58Gln-Mutation ist ebenfalls mit einer moderaten Septumhypertrophie aber mit einem fruehen Krankheitsbeginn und einem vorzeitigen Auftreten eines plaetzlichen Herztodes in der Familie B assoziiert. Zusaetzlich wurden mehrere Abweichungen von der Referenz-Sequenz, eine stumme Mutation sowie zwei 'Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms' (SNPs) waehrend des Screenings in beiden Genen identifiziert. Die SNPs verursachen keinen Aminosaeureaustausch und beeinflussen nicht den Splei§vorgang, soweit dies durch ihre Lokalisation vorhersagbar ist. Schlussfolgerung: Zwei missense Mutationen konnten in der regulatorischen leichten Myosinkette identifiziert und sowohl mit einem benignen als auch einem malignen HCM-Phaenotyp assoziiert werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Genotypisierung wertvolle Informationen fuer die Risikostratifizierung, die genetische Beratung sowie fuer Therapiestrategien in der Hypertrophe Kardiomyopathie liefern kann.

Returning hypertrophy after surgery in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a myosin-binding protein C mutation

We report a 13-year follow-up of a patient who underwent both myectomy and septal ablation due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a cardiac myosin-binding protein C gene mutation. After myectomy the patient again developed significant septal hypertrophy at the operated septal area with a need for a second interventional therapy. This exceptional case underscores the remarkable ability of the heart muscle to show a continuous hypertrophic process over many years

Prevalence of cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain gene mutations in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [Erratum in: J Mol Med. vol 83, pg 837, 2005]

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a frequent, autosomal-dominant cardiac disease and manifests predominantly as left ventricular hypertrophy. Mutations in the cardiac beta-myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7) are responsible for the disease in about 30% of cases where mutations were identified. We clinically evaluated a large group of 147 consecutive HCM patients from three cardiology centers in Germany, Poland, and Kyrgyzstan according to the same protocol. The DNA of the patients was systematically analyzed in the whole coding region of the MYH7 gene using PCR, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis, and automated sequencing. Eleven different missense mutations (including seven novel ones) in 11 unrelated patients were identified, showing a mutation frequency of 7.5% in the study population. We further examined the families of five patients (three of German, one of Polish, and one of Kyrgyz origin) with 32 individuals in total. We observed a clear, age-dependent penetrance with onset of disease symptoms in the fourth decade of life. Genotype-phenotype correlations were different for each mutation, whereas the majority was associated with an intermediate/malign phenotype. In conclusion, we report a systematic molecular screening of the complete MYH7 gene in a large group of consecutive HCM patients, leading to a genetic diagnosis in 38 individuals. Information about the genotype in an individual from one family could be very useful for the clinician, especially when dealing with healthy relatives in doubt of their risk about developing HCM. The increasing application of genetic screening and the increasing knowledge about genotype-phenotype correlations will hopefully lead to an improved clinical management of HCM patients

CIB1 is a regulator of pathological cardiac hypertrophy

Hypertrophic heart disease is a leading health problem facing the Western world. Here we identified the small EF-hand domain-containing protein CIB1 (Ca2+ and integrin binding protein 1) in a screen for novel regulators of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Yeast two-hybrid screening for CIB1 interacting partners identified a related EF-hand domain-containing protein calcineurin B, the regulatory subunit of the pro-hypertrophic protein phosphatase calcineurin. CIB1 largely localizes to the sarcolemma in mouse and human myocardium, where it anchors calcineurin to control its activation in coordination with the L-type Ca2+ channel. CIB1 protein levels and membrane association were enhanced in cardiac pathological hypertrophy, but not in physiological hypertrophy. Consistent with these observations, mice lacking Cib1 show a dramatic reduction in myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction, and calcineurin-NFAT activity following pressure overload, while the degree of physiologic hypertrophy after swimming was not altered. Transgenic mice with inducible and cardiac-specific overexpression of CIB1 showed enhanced cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload or calcineurin signaling. Moreover, mice lacking the Ppp3cb gene showed no enhancement in cardiac hypertrophy associated wit