Insulin-Associated Weight Gain in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated With Increases in Sedentary Behavior.

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Carotid artery vasoreactivity correlates with abdominal aortic vasoreactivity in young healthy individuals but not in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm

BACKGROUND: Sympathetic stimulation of central arteries, such as coronary and carotid arteries, cause vasodilation in healthy subjects, but vasoconstriction in those with increased cardiovascular risk. This study compared vasoreactivity to sympathetic stimulation between abdominal aorta and carotid artery in healthy young individuals (young group, n = 20), in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA group, n = 20) and in a healthy older group, age- and gender matched with AAA group (matched group, n = 18). METHOD: All subjects underwent cold pressor test, while performing concomitantly duplex ultrasound of abdominal aorta and carotid artery vasoreactivity. Observer-independent software was used to analyze and calculate magnitude and timing of maximum vasodilation or vasoconstriction. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to investigate vasoreactivity between arteries. RESULTS: Carotid artery reactivity [Interquartile range 25%, Interquartile range 75%] did not significantly differ between the young, matched and AAA group (3.5% [1.4, 4.7], 2.6% [2.0, 4.1] and 2.2% [-1.9, 3.7], respectively, p = 0.301). Abdominal aortic responsiveness demonstrated larger differences between young (4.9% [-0.2, 8.4]), matched (3.3% [-2.5, 4.4]) and individuals with AAA (0.5% [-3.9, 4.1], p = 0.059). Pooled analysis showed a significant correlation between carotid and abdominal aortic vasoreactivity (r = 0.444, p = 0.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated significant correlation between both arteries in young (r = 0.636, p = 0.003), but not matched (r = −0.040, p = 0.866) or AAA group (r = 0.410, p = 0.129). CONCLUSIONS: Sympathetic stimulation induces powerful vasodilation of the carotid artery and abdominal aorta, which is significantly correlated in healthy individuals. No such correlation is present in abdominal aortic aneurysm patients. This suggests the aneurysm alters local abdominal aorta vasoreactivity, but not the carotid artery

Repeated prolonged moderate-intensity walking exercise does not appear to have harmful effects on inflammatory markers in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Background and objectives: The role of exercise in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is inconclusive as most research focused on short or low-intensity exercise bouts and subjective outcomes. We assessed the effects of repeated prolonged moderate-intensity exercise on objective inflammatory markers in IBD patients. Methods: In this study, IBD patients (IBD walkers, n = 18), and a control group (non-IBD walkers, n = 19), completed a 30, 40 or 50 km walking exercise on four consecutive days. Blood samples were taken at baseline and every day post-exercise to test for the effect of disease on exercise-induced changes in cytokine concentrations. A second control group of IBD patients who did not take part in the exercise, IBD non-walkers (n = 19), was used to test for the effect of exercise on faecal calprotectin. Both IBD groups also completed a clinical disease activity questionnaire. Results: Changes in cytokine concentrations were similar for IBD walkers and non-IBD walkers (IL-6 p =.95; IL-8 p =.07; IL-10 p =.40; IL-1β p =.28; TNF-α p =.45), with a temporary significant increase in IL-6 (p <.001) and IL-10 (p =.006) from baseline to post-exercise day 1. Faecal calprotectin was not affected by exercise (p =.48). Clinical disease activity did not change in the IBD walkers with ulcerative colitis (p =.92), but did increase in the IBD walkers with Crohn’s disease (p =.024). Conclusion: Repeated prolonged moderate-intensity walking exercise led to similar cytokine responses in participants with or without IBD, and it did not affect faecal calprotectin concentrations, suggesting that IBD patients can safely perform this type of exercise.</p

Dataset for: IMPROVEMENTS IN FITNESS ARE NOT OBLIGATORY FOR EXERCISE TRAINING-INDUCED IMPROVEMENTS IN CV RISK FACTORS

Objectives The purpose of this study was to assess whether changes in physical fitness relate to changes in cardiovascular risk factors following standardized, center-based and supervised exercise training programs in subjects with increased cardiovascular risk. Methods We pooled data from exercise training studies of subjects with increased cardiovascular risk (n=166) who underwent 8-52 weeks endurance training. We determined fitness (i.e. peak oxygen uptake) and traditional cardiovascular risk factors (body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol), before and after training. We divided subjects into quartiles based on improvement in fitness, and examined whether these groups differed in terms of risk factors. Associations between changes in fitness and in cardiovascular risk factors were further tested using Pearson correlations. Results Significant heterogeneity was apparent in the improvement of fitness and individual risk factors, with non-responder rates of 17% for fitness, 44% for body mass index, 33% for mean arterial pressure, 49% for total cholesterol and 49% for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Neither the number, nor the magnitude, of change in cardiovascular risk factors differed significantly between quartiles of fitness change. Changes in fitness were not correlated with changes in cardiovascular risk factors (all P>0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that significant heterogeneity exists in changes in peak oxygen uptake after training, whilst improvement in fitness did not relate to improvement in cardiovascular risk factors. In subjects with increased cardiovascular risk, improvements in fitness are not obligatory for training-induced improvements in cardiovascular risk factors