Trend Analysis of Teenage Pregnancy in Nigeria (1961-2013): How Effective is the Contraceptive Use Campaign

Teenage pregnancy (TP) is a recurrent global and public health problem. It poses both social and health challenges. Considering the massive campaign on the use of modern contraceptives to prevent TP in recent decades, we assessed trends in TP in Nigeria between 1961 and 2013. Pregnancy and contraception history of 70,811 women who were at least 20 years old when the Nigerian DHS was conducted in 1990, 2003, 2008, and 2013 respectively were used for the study, and descriptive statistics, time analysis techniques and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the data at 5% significance level. The overall prevalence of TP between 1961 and 2013 was 49.5% which fluctuated insignificantly during the studied period. The TP prevalence among women who entered adulthood in 1961 was 39.2%; it peaked in 1978 at 58.9% before its unsteady decline to 39.6% in 2012, and then rose sharply to 55.6% in 2013. We predicted TP prevalence as 49.0%, 49.9% and 51.0% in 2014, 2015 and 2016 respectively. The odds of TP were over 4 times higher in the North East and 5 times higher in the North West than in the South West. Teenagers with no education had higher odds of TP and it was higher among teenagers from the poorest households (OR=5.64, 95% CI: 5.36-5.94). Rather than reducing with the worldwide acknowledged increase in contraceptive campaigns, TP increased over the years studied. As far as TP is concerned in Nigeria, the impact of the campaign on MC use is far from being effective. To achieve the objective of fewer TPs, fewer resources should be spent on access to contraception and instead diverted to areas more likely to achieve results such as improvements in educational achievement amongst girls

Community Participation in Sustainable Rural Infrastructural Development in Riyom Area, Plateau State of Nigeria

Community participation has long been associated with rural development. Regional developers believe that for projects to succeed, communities need to actively partake in designing, implementing and sustaining the projects that affect their condition of living. This study assesses community participation in sustainable rural infrastructures in Riyom Local Government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. It investigated spatial variation in the distribution of infrastructural facilities, level of participation, contributions to sustaining the infrastructure and the challenges facing the community participation in the projects. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study made use of 174 sampled population through the administration of questionnaire which constituted the major research instrument for the study by adopting a multi-stage sampling techniques. In addition, focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted among the community based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community leaders. Documented materials were collected from official gazettes, research reports, unpublished theses, journals and text-books. The descriptive statistical method was adopted involving calculation of percentages, mean, frequency and tabulation of data. Also, inferential statistics as employed namely, the Chi Square and Z-score analytical techniques. The F-test value of 23.380 is found to be greater than the critical value of 21.03 hence, there is a significant difference in the levels of community participation in infrastructural sustainability among the rural people in the study area at .05 probability level. The Z-score result showed varying degrees of infrastructural distribution such that four areas namely, Hoss, Tse/Gura, Riyom and Bum communities dominated the facilities with scores ranging from (14.40), (13.58), (4.63) to (0.03) respectively while Sharubutu (-3.50), Wereng (-3.92), Fangroi (-4.98), Fang (-7.25) and Tom-gangare (-7.90) communities were under-privileged in infrastructural development. The study revealed that community participation is confined to receiving information and some consultation thereby showing lower level of participation. The infrastructures are being sustained by mounting local security guards, established central maintenance committee and raising funds towards the repair of damaged infrastructure. On the basis of the findings, we recommend among other things, there should be an increased level of awareness and enlightenment about communal participation through mass media, and regular meetings with traditional authorities. Also, involvement of rural people in project formulation, planning and implementation should be encouraged. Moreover, government should create enabling environment where the people at the grass-root will participate actively in decision-making process that affect their condition of living and by so doing, it could stimulate the relationship between government and rural people as partners in progress. Keywords: Participation Community Sustainability Rural infrastructure Developmen

Community Participation in Sustainable Rural Infrastructural Development in Riyom Area, Plateau State of Nigeria

Community participation has long been associated with rural development. Regional developers believe that for projects to succeed, communities need to actively partake in designing, implementing and sustaining the projects that affect their condition of living. This study assesses community participation in sustainable rural infrastructures in Riyom Local Government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. It investigated spatial variation in the distribution of infrastructural facilities, level of participation, contributions to sustaining the infrastructure and the challenges facing the community participation in the projects. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study made use of 174 sampled population through the administration of questionnaire which constituted the major research instrument for the study by adopting a multi-stage sampling techniques. In addition, focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted among the community based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community leaders. Documented materials were collected from official gazettes, research reports, unpublished theses, journals and text-books. The descriptive statistical method was adopted involving calculation of percentages, mean, frequency and tabulation of data. Also, inferential statistics as employed namely, the Chi Square and Z-score analytical techniques. The F-test value of 23.380 is found to be greater than the critical value of 21.03 hence, there is a significant difference in the levels of community participation in infrastructural sustainability among the rural people in the study area at .05 probability level. The Z-score result showed varying degrees of infrastructural distribution such that four areas namely, Hoss, Tse/Gura, Riyom and Bum communities dominated the facilities with scores ranging from (14.40), (13.58), (4.63) to (0.03) respectively while Sharubutu (-3.50), Wereng (-3.92), Fangroi (-4.98), Fang (-7.25) and Tom-gangare (-7.90) communities were under-privileged in infrastructural development. The study revealed that community participation is confined to receiving information and some consultation thereby showing lower level of participation. The infrastructures are being sustained by mounting local security guards, established central maintenance committee and raising funds towards the repair of damaged infrastructure. On the basis of the findings, we recommend among other things, there should be an increased level of awareness and enlightenment about communal participation through mass media, and regular meetings with traditional authorities. Also, involvement of rural people in project formulation, planning and implementation should be encouraged. Moreover, government should create enabling environment where the people at the grass-root will participate actively in decision-making process that affect their condition of living and by so doing, it could stimulate the relationship between government and rural people as partners in progress. Key Words: Participation Community Sustainability Rural infrastructure Developmen

Determination of sorptivity, infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of soil using a tension infiltrometer

This study was conducted in June-July 2018 to determine hydraulic properties of soil mainly: sorptivity (S); infiltration rate (I); hydraulic conductivity (K) and water diffusivity (D) using a tension infiltrometer. These soil properties are required during the design of irrigation and drainage projects. The Experimental site was the Demonstration Farm of Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (DFDABE), University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. The soil was loamy sand with mean porosity of 42.90%, percentage contents of sand, silt and clay were 84.35, 5.41 and 10.24%, respectively. A tension infiltrometer which restricts preferential flow of water in the soil was used to measure the infiltration rates. Water potentials of -0.02, -0.05, -10 and -0.15 m were used but -0.05 m was found to be most appropriate for tension infiltrometer. Potential -0.02 m could not control preferential flow of water during infiltration test. The infiltration data were used to determine S, I, K and D of the soil. The mean values of S, I, K and D at -0.02 m in 2018 were 63.50 mm/h1/2, 176.84 mm/h, 22.42 mm/h and 171,092.46 mm2/h, respectively. The corresponding values at -0.05 m were 29.90 mm/h1/2, 71.32 mm/h, 24.67 mm/h and 72,871.29 mm2/h. Corresponding values at -0.10 m were 19.88 mm/h1/2, 32.76 mm/h, 13.02 mm/h and 26,309.80 mm2/h and at -0.15 m were 15.41 mm/h1/2, 28.54 mm/h, 15.02 mm/h and 23,041.13 mm2/h. The values of infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivities of the soil can be used for design of an irrigation project in the study area.Keywords: Hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, sorptivity, soil porosity, tension infiltrometer, water diffusivity

Influence of Prenatal Class to the Practice of P4K (Birth Planning and Prevention of Birth Complication)

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of prenatal class to the practice of P4K (Birth Planning And Prevention Of Birth Complication).Materials and Methods: This study applied analytical survey with cross sectional approach. The number of samples taken was as many as 30 mothers, using simple random sampling. Analysis of data was carried out using ordinal wilcoxon sign rank test. Datas were obtained from interviews and questionnaire.Result: The influence of prenatal class to practice of P4K (Birth Planning and Prevention of Birth Complication) (p = 0,0000). Conclusion: Prental class can influence to practic of P4K

MODELLING OF GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER IN MAJOR NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY AIRSHED

Modelling of air pollutants for air quality assessment has been an important landmark achievement by environmentalists especially in areas where on-the-field monitoring is not economical. Models have proven to be cost-efficient and predicts better with different sample sizes. The objective of this study was to model the particulate matter pollutants of a major Nigerian university airshed and to compare of the predicted results with regulatory standards. Dispersion modelling analysis using for line and point sources study of the university airshed was carried out. Prior to the use of the modelling tool, vehicular counts, emission estimation and loads for the two pollution sources was done. The predictions revealed that concentration levels of PMs to emission source and receptor environments for the line source study were extremely high due to factors such as emission height and meteorological conditions of the university. The predicted concentrations from the point source were moderate and the reason is due to the emission height (stack height), wind speed and direction. Other contributing sources could be as a result of biomass burning, bush burning and pollutant transport. This study will be a bedrock for institutional-based air quality assessment that checkmate the anthropogenic contribution to deteriorating ambien

Nutritional Evaluation and Phytochemical Screening of Common Plants used in Smallholder Farming System

ABSTRACT With the pressure on land for crop production and low yield from common grasses, there is need to exploit the nutrient composition of available browse species and other forages in a small holder farming system to meet up with the need for small ruminant production. This study was conducted to access the nutritional composition and phytochemicals present in common forages used in a small holder farming system. There were significant (P<0.05) differences among most of the nutrient constituents, fibre fraction and phytochemical constituents. The significantly higher nutrient composition observed for forages considered in this study indicate their relative potentials as fodder resources in ruminant nutrition. Hence, the browse species examined in this study can be used as promising supplement in small ruminant nutrition

Design Research on Mathematics Education: Investigating the Progress of Indonesian Fifth Grade Students' Learning on Multiplication of Fractions with Natural Numbers

This study aimed at investigating the progress of students' learning on multiplication fractions with natural numbers through the five activity levels based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach proposed by Streefland. Design research was chosen to achieve this research goal. In design research, the Hypothetical Learning Trajectory (HLT) plays important role as a design and research instrument. This HLT tested to thirty-seven students of grade five primary school (i.e.SDN 179 Palembang). The result of the classroom practices showed that measurement (length) activity could stimulate students' to produce fractions as the first level in learning multiplication of fractions with natural numbers. Furthermore, strategies and tools used by the students in partitioning gradually be developed into a more formal mathematics in which number line be used as the model of measuring situation and the model for more formal reasoning. The number line then could bring the students to the last activity level, namely on the way to rules for multiplying fractions with natural numbers. Based on this findings, it is suggested that Streefland's five activity levels can be used as a guideline in learning multiplication of fractions with natural numbers in which the learning process become a more progressive learning