Community Participation in Sustainable Rural Infrastructural Development in Riyom Area, Plateau State of Nigeria

Community participation has long been associated with rural development. Regional developers believe that for projects to succeed, communities need to actively partake in designing, implementing and sustaining the projects that affect their condition of living. This study assesses community participation in sustainable rural infrastructures in Riyom Local Government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. It investigated spatial variation in the distribution of infrastructural facilities, level of participation, contributions to sustaining the infrastructure and the challenges facing the community participation in the projects. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study made use of 174 sampled population through the administration of questionnaire which constituted the major research instrument for the study by adopting a multi-stage sampling techniques. In addition, focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted among the community based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community leaders. Documented materials were collected from official gazettes, research reports, unpublished theses, journals and text-books. The descriptive statistical method was adopted involving calculation of percentages, mean, frequency and tabulation of data. Also, inferential statistics as employed namely, the Chi Square and Z-score analytical techniques. The F-test value of 23.380 is found to be greater than the critical value of 21.03 hence, there is a significant difference in the levels of community participation in infrastructural sustainability among the rural people in the study area at .05 probability level. The Z-score result showed varying degrees of infrastructural distribution such that four areas namely, Hoss, Tse/Gura, Riyom and Bum communities dominated the facilities with scores ranging from (14.40), (13.58), (4.63) to (0.03) respectively while Sharubutu (-3.50), Wereng (-3.92), Fangroi (-4.98), Fang (-7.25) and Tom-gangare (-7.90) communities were under-privileged in infrastructural development. The study revealed that community participation is confined to receiving information and some consultation thereby showing lower level of participation. The infrastructures are being sustained by mounting local security guards, established central maintenance committee and raising funds towards the repair of damaged infrastructure. On the basis of the findings, we recommend among other things, there should be an increased level of awareness and enlightenment about communal participation through mass media, and regular meetings with traditional authorities. Also, involvement of rural people in project formulation, planning and implementation should be encouraged. Moreover, government should create enabling environment where the people at the grass-root will participate actively in decision-making process that affect their condition of living and by so doing, it could stimulate the relationship between government and rural people as partners in progress. Keywords: Participation Community Sustainability Rural infrastructure Developmen

Community Participation in Sustainable Rural Infrastructural Development in Riyom Area, Plateau State of Nigeria

Community participation has long been associated with rural development. Regional developers believe that for projects to succeed, communities need to actively partake in designing, implementing and sustaining the projects that affect their condition of living. This study assesses community participation in sustainable rural infrastructures in Riyom Local Government area of Plateau State, Nigeria. It investigated spatial variation in the distribution of infrastructural facilities, level of participation, contributions to sustaining the infrastructure and the challenges facing the community participation in the projects. Data were generated from both primary and secondary sources. The study made use of 174 sampled population through the administration of questionnaire which constituted the major research instrument for the study by adopting a multi-stage sampling techniques. In addition, focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted among the community based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and community leaders. Documented materials were collected from official gazettes, research reports, unpublished theses, journals and text-books. The descriptive statistical method was adopted involving calculation of percentages, mean, frequency and tabulation of data. Also, inferential statistics as employed namely, the Chi Square and Z-score analytical techniques. The F-test value of 23.380 is found to be greater than the critical value of 21.03 hence, there is a significant difference in the levels of community participation in infrastructural sustainability among the rural people in the study area at .05 probability level. The Z-score result showed varying degrees of infrastructural distribution such that four areas namely, Hoss, Tse/Gura, Riyom and Bum communities dominated the facilities with scores ranging from (14.40), (13.58), (4.63) to (0.03) respectively while Sharubutu (-3.50), Wereng (-3.92), Fangroi (-4.98), Fang (-7.25) and Tom-gangare (-7.90) communities were under-privileged in infrastructural development. The study revealed that community participation is confined to receiving information and some consultation thereby showing lower level of participation. The infrastructures are being sustained by mounting local security guards, established central maintenance committee and raising funds towards the repair of damaged infrastructure. On the basis of the findings, we recommend among other things, there should be an increased level of awareness and enlightenment about communal participation through mass media, and regular meetings with traditional authorities. Also, involvement of rural people in project formulation, planning and implementation should be encouraged. Moreover, government should create enabling environment where the people at the grass-root will participate actively in decision-making process that affect their condition of living and by so doing, it could stimulate the relationship between government and rural people as partners in progress. Key Words: Participation Community Sustainability Rural infrastructure Developmen

Determination of sorptivity, infiltration rate and hydraulic conductivity of soil using a tension infiltrometer

This study was conducted in June-July 2018 to determine hydraulic properties of soil mainly: sorptivity (S); infiltration rate (I); hydraulic conductivity (K) and water diffusivity (D) using a tension infiltrometer. These soil properties are required during the design of irrigation and drainage projects. The Experimental site was the Demonstration Farm of Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (DFDABE), University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. The soil was loamy sand with mean porosity of 42.90%, percentage contents of sand, silt and clay were 84.35, 5.41 and 10.24%, respectively. A tension infiltrometer which restricts preferential flow of water in the soil was used to measure the infiltration rates. Water potentials of -0.02, -0.05, -10 and -0.15 m were used but -0.05 m was found to be most appropriate for tension infiltrometer. Potential -0.02 m could not control preferential flow of water during infiltration test. The infiltration data were used to determine S, I, K and D of the soil. The mean values of S, I, K and D at -0.02 m in 2018 were 63.50 mm/h1/2, 176.84 mm/h, 22.42 mm/h and 171,092.46 mm2/h, respectively. The corresponding values at -0.05 m were 29.90 mm/h1/2, 71.32 mm/h, 24.67 mm/h and 72,871.29 mm2/h. Corresponding values at -0.10 m were 19.88 mm/h1/2, 32.76 mm/h, 13.02 mm/h and 26,309.80 mm2/h and at -0.15 m were 15.41 mm/h1/2, 28.54 mm/h, 15.02 mm/h and 23,041.13 mm2/h. The values of infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivities of the soil can be used for design of an irrigation project in the study area.Keywords: Hydraulic conductivity, infiltration rate, sorptivity, soil porosity, tension infiltrometer, water diffusivity

Antiferromagnetic Spin Fluctuations in the Metallic Phase of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Organic Superconductors

We give a quantitative analysis of the previously published nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments in the k-(ET)2X family of organic charge transfer salts by using the phenomenological spin fluctuation model of Moriya, and Millis, Monien and Pines (M-MMP). For temperatures above T_nmr ~ 50 K, the model gives a good quantitative description of the data in the metallic phases of several k-(ET)2X materials. These materials display antiferromagnetic correlation lengths which increase with decreasing temperature and grow to several lattice constants by T_nmr. It is shown that the fact that the dimensionless Korringa ratio is much larger than unity is inconsistent with a broad class of theoretical models (such as dynamical mean-field theory) which neglects spatial correlations and/or vertex corrections. For materials close to the Mott insulating phase the nuclear spin relaxation rate, the Knight shift and the Korringa ratio all decrease significantly with decreasing temperature below T_nmr. This cannot be described by the M-MMP model and the most natural explanation is that a pseudogap, similar to that observed in the underdoped cuprate superconductors, opens up in the density of states below T_nmr. Such a pseudogap has recently been predicted to occur in the dimerised organic charge transfer salts materials by the resonating valence bond (RVB) theory. We propose specific new experiments on organic superconductors to elucidate these issues. For example, measurements to see if high magnetic fields or high pressures can be used to close the pseudogap would be extremely valuable.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Successful Intracervical Insemination and Characteristics of Anoa (Bubalus SP.) Parturation Behavior in Captivity

Anoa, which is the endemic animal in Indonesia, its population is unevitably decreasing, therefore anoa included in the list of endangered species by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The experiment was aimed to apply the artificial insemination (AI) technique for anoa and to examine their parturition behavior. The experiment involved 2 males and 5 females anoa at Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor. Semen was collected by electroejaculator, then evaluated and diluted in Tris-egg yolk extender. The anesthetized estrous females were inseminated intracervically with extended semen (100x106 sperm/1.0 mL). Females which did not show estrous signs during 2-3 cycles after AI were predicted pregnant, and therefore confirmed by ultrasonography. As a comparison, another predicted-pregnant female after natural mating was scanned. The results showed that intracervical AI resulted pregnancy in one female, and the gestation period of anoa was ranged from 313 d (AI) to 324 d (natural mating). There were three stages of parturition process was observed: Stage 1 was characterized by the abdominal contraction and amniotic membrane rupture, Stage 2 was characterized by the fetal expulsions, and Stage 3 was characterized by the placental expulsions and ingestion of placenta by the dam. The duration of each stage of parturition was 6-8 h (stage 1), 30-60 min (stage 2), and 15-180 min (stage 3). It is concluded that AI technique was applicable to anoa in captivity, and the parturation behavior of anoa was comparable to buffalo and cattle. However, the fetal delivery occurred when the dam was in standing position and the dam ingested the placenta

Vertex Corrections and the Korringa Ratio in Strongly Correlated Electron Materials

We show that the Korringa ratio, associated with nuclear magnetic resonance in metals, is unity if vertex corrections for the dynamic spin susceptibility are negligible and the hyperfine coupling is momentum independent. In the absence of vertex corrections we also find a Korringa behaviour for $T_1$, the nuclear spin relaxation rate, i.e., $1/T_1\propto T$, and a temperature independent Knight shift. These results are independent of the form and magnitude of the self-energy (so far as is consistent with neglecting vertex corrections) and of the dimensionality of the system.Comment: 5 pages. accepted for publication in J. Phys.: Condens. Matte

Pengaruh Cara Pengolahan Kakao Fermentasi dan Non Fermentasi terhadap Kualitas, Harga Jual Produk pada Unit Usaha Produktif (UUP) Tunjung Sari, Kabupaten Tabanan

Effect of Fermentation Cocoa Processing and Non Fermentation on The Quality and Pricing Products on Tunjung Sari Unit Produktive in Tabanan District The purpose of this study was to determine influence how a cocoa processing fermented and non fermented on the quality and price of the product and to determine constraints face on Tunjung Sari Unit Produktif in the processing of fermented and non-fermented cocoa on product quality and price. The method use observation, interviews and literature study to record relevant information. then analyzed with descriptive and qualitative analysis. The results showed that the method of processing cocoa enough to affect the quality and price of products on Tunjung Sari unit Produktif. Processing cocoa bean fermentation yield account (number of seeds) 120 seeds per hundred grams while non fermented bean seeds acount 118 percent gram, fermented cocoa color to blackish brown in color while the non fermented brown light, aroma of cocoa beans have a distinctive fermentation processing chocolate aroma while the non-fermentation processing does not have a distinctive smell like chocolate, slaty (purple beans) fermented cocoa maximum of 3-5%, while the non-fermented seeds no slaty (purple beans) slaty occur due to the fermentation process less than three days, in the form of fermentation of cocoa beans has a texture that is hollow while the non-textured solid fermentation, the level of moisture content of cocoa beans fermented 7% and 7.5% non-fermented and fermented cocoa beans price of Rp 19.500/kg while non fermented Rp 17.000/kg. Keywords: The effects of processing cocoa fermentation, Cocoa non fermentation, Quality cocoa beans, Selling product