The study of air fuel ratio for open furnace MILD combustion of biogas on bluff-body burner

Economical fuel cost is very critical in the heating industry. Lean combustion with high air fuel ratio (AFR) is normally practiced by the industry. Low air fuel ratio or rich combustion will result in unburned hydrocarbons (UHC). UHC is a waste and pollution to the environment. This paper discussed on the modelling of air fuel ratio for the moderate and intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion of biogas on bluff-body burner. Biogas is a low calorific value (LCV) gas which was formulated by using 50% methane, 20% hydrogen and 30% carbon dioxide. AFR is the ratio of air and fuel injected to the combustion chamber. Nozzle outlet size for air and fuel plays important role to determine AFR. In this study, the air and fuel nozzle size ratio used is 23:1. The AFR will be evaluated based on the UHC produced by the combustion. Stoichiometric AFR occurred when zero UHC and zero excess oxygen flow through the EGR pipe. The result shows that when AFR is 4.0, zero UHC was detected in the EGR. UHC in EGR will be waste and create unwanted combustion at the wrong location

Development of a Short Duration Hyprsonic Test Facility at Universiti Tenaga Nasional

This paper describes the development of a short duration hypersonic test facility at the College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN). The facility is the first of its kind in Malaysia. The facility will allow various researches to be done in the field of high speed supersonic and hypersonic flows. It is designed so that it can be used as a free piston tunnel, shock tube and shock tunnel. The maximum mach number obtainable depends on the type of the driver and driven gases. It is shown that a mach number of 4 can be achieved if CO2 is used as the driven gas and Helium is used as the driver gas with diaphragm pressure ratio of 74.76. Experimental measurements were performed with the facility working as shock tube. The barrel temperature was measured using in-house developed fast response surface junction E-type thermocouple while the pressure was measured using fast response quartz pressure transducer. The pressure and temperature results clearly show the formation of shock wave and its reflection causing the pressure and temperature to increase rapidly

MILD Combustion: A Technical Review Towards Open Furnace Combustion

Moderate or Intense Low oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion is one of the best alternative new technologies for clean and efficient combustion. MILD combustion has been proven to be a promising combustion technology for industrial applications with decreased energy consumption due to the uniformity of temperature distribution, also producing low NO and CO emissions. This article provides a review and discussion of the recent research and development in MILD. Furthermore, the problems and focuses are summarized with some suggestions and therefore presented on upgrading an application of MILD in the future. Currently MILD combustion has been applied in closed furnace. For closed furnace, the preheating supply air is no longer required since the recirculation inside the enclosed furnace will self preheats the supply air and self dilutes the oxygen in the combustion chamber. The possibility of using open furnace MILD combustion was discussed and reviewed

Design of film thickness instrument for fibre polymer composites tribological experiments

New technique to measure film thickness in tribological experiments is presented in the current study. The technique is based on strain gauges circuit fixed on a lever of the block on ring (BOR) machine. Conversion of strain gauge readings was made to determine the film thickness values. For testing purposes, experiments were conducted using the new machine to investigate the wear performance of glass/polyester composites. The tests were performed against aluminium counterface at different applied loads (0.5 N to 3 N) for 10 minutes sliding time under wet contact conditions. From the results, the new technique highly assisted to analyise the tribological results. The SEM showed different damage features

Experimental investigation on combustion behaviour, performance and emission of fusel oil-gasoline blends using turbocharged SI engine

Because of rising energy demand and pollution concerns in the transportation and industrial sectors, alternative fuel development is critical. The fusel oil, which is a by-product of ethanol distillation molasses, is receiving a lot of interest. The combustion characteristics, performance, and emissions of a 1.8L turbocharged four-cylinder, port injection, spark-ignition engine will be used to compare fusel oil blends with gasoline in this study. The experiment was carried out at a constant engine speed of 2000 rpm with a throttle load of 10-40%. Four samples with various ratios of gasoline combined with fusel oil were tested (100% gasoline, 10%, 20%, and 30% are referred to as F0, F10, F20, and F30 respectively). As a result, compared to gasoline, fusel oil blends increase Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) by 5-22%. In comparison to gasoline, the combustion behaviour of in-cylinder pressure, Rate of Heat Release (ROHR), Rate Of Pressure Rise (ROPR), and Mass Fraction Burn (MFB) shows an early 2-3 Degree Crank Angle (CAD). Due to differences in attributes and oxygen content, the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of combustion utilising fusel oil blends suffers a modest drop of 13-16%. When compared to gasoline, fusel oil blends emit 3-4% less hydrocarbon (HC), 7.5-24.5% less carbon monoxide (CO), and 18-36% less nitrogen oxide (NOx). To summarise, fusel oil blends without water extraction blended with gasoline have a substantial impact on turbocharger engine functioning

Revolutionizing procurement : Unveiling next-gen supplier strategies in UAE’s oil & gas sector

Procurement is a linchpin in organizational success, securing vital resources that enable top-tier service and product delivery. In fiercely competitive arenas like the oil and gas industry, cultivating robust supplier relationships isn't just beneficial—it's indispensable. Despite the ever-evolving market and myriad factors influencing these interactions, optimizing buyer-supplier dynamics remains paramount. The study delves deep into strategies to fortify procurement partnerships, spotlighting key elements shaping these relationships in the UAE's oil and gas landscape. Utilizing the renowned Kraljic's portfolio model (KPM), the study analyses purchasing strategies and their determinants. Data from a comprehensive online survey with 312 industry stakeholders and stringent reliability tests via SPSS offer compelling insights. Dominant themes include the prevalence of supplier and buyer dominance in ADNOC's procurement of both trivial and significant assets. Notably, no one-size-fits-all strategy emerges for major equipment acquisition, yet supplier dominance proves supremely effective for consumables and minor item procurements. A critical discovery underscores the significant role of employee tenure in shaping purchase decisions and supplier liaisons

Redefining procurement paradigms: A critical review of buyer-supplier dynamics in the global petroleum and natural gas industry

This paper reviews critique of procurement approaches within the petroleum and natural gas sectors, whilst concurrently unveiling and scrutinizing the elements that amplify and shape the buyer-supplier interactions within this industry. The primary objective of this review is to redefine procurement paradigms in the global petroleum and natural gas industry by reassessing the dynamics between buyers and suppliers. The findings from our study reveal a noticeable gap in the literature concerning the fortification of buyer-supplier relationships in the petroleum and natural gas sector. While existing studies offer valuable insights into procurement trends, they significantly lack focus on strengthening these key relationships. This could be considered a limitation in the existing body of work, suggesting a need for targeted research in this area. The existence of certain strategies that have proven to enhance supplier partnerships offers a promising avenue for future research. The implications of these findings are twofold. First, organizations in the petroleum and natural gas industry may need to revaluate their F to include a greater focus on buyer-supplier relationship management. Second, academic researchers may consider developing targeted studies that delve into the impacts of these relationships on procurement efficiency and organizational performance. The limitations of this study include the availability of industry-specific reports and the potential for subjectivity in interpreting qualitative data. Future research should aim to mitigate these limitations by employing a more diverse range of data sources and analytical techniques

IMECE2009-10160 NEW TECHNIQUE MEASURING FILM THICKNESS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL MACHINES

ABSTRACT In the present work, a prototype machine was developed for film thickness measurement for tribological tests. The configuration of the machine was based Block on Ring (BOR) technique. In the current machine, frictional forces and film thickness were measured using load cell and strain gauges, respectively. Calibration was made to determine the real film thickness. Experiments were conducted using the newly developed machine to investigate the film thickness during sliding of UHMWPE against aluminum alloy counterface. The tests were performed at applied loads (1.47 N -2.94 N). The results revealed that increases the applied load reduces the film thickness which in turn played a main role in controlling the surface characteristics of the polymer

Thermal properties of engine oils through the integration of graphene nanoparticles : A greener approach for sustainable mechanical systems

Tribology is a high demand mechanical system with friction and wear. Mechanical systems lose efficiency as a result. One answer for this issue is to utilize an oil that can limit contact and wear, bringing about improved effectiveness. The advancement of effective lubricating added substances for tribological properties improvement and improved thermal conductivity has gotten huge modern and scholarly consideration. By and large, nano-sized particles scattered in lubricants, referred to as nano-based lubricant, are utilized in mechanical structures to lessen heat and forces of frictions. Moreover, new guidelines will empower the utilization of greener lubrication advancements in oils. To resolve this issue, lubricants should satisfy guidelines while able to give exceptional oil characteristics. As another green material, this research will investigate the dissolving of Graphene nanoparticles in lubricants. The objective of this study is to perceive what Graphene added 10W40 motor oil means for the thermal properties and tribological characteristics. Graphene, which was added to 10W40 lubricant, was used to study the best design. Graphene nanoparticles were distributed in baseline engine oil in a two-step process. In the preparation of Graphene-based motor oil with a low volume mixture in the scope of 0.01% to 0.07% was used. Thermal conductivity and viscosity are estimated for all volume mixtures. Testing uncovered that Graphene added 10W40 motor oil were steady all through the review, with very little deposits in the following 30 days. The thermal conductivity of Graphene in SAE 40 motor oil expanded as the volume mixture is added

Central composite design adoption for assessing the tio quality using response surface method

Stability is a major issue in every nanolubricant. The UV visible spectrophotometry approach is one method for assessing the dispersion quality standard of a nanolubricant. UV visible spectrophotometry is adopted to determine the absorbance level of a nanolubricant. This method assesses how well a nanolubricant absorbs UV rays emitted by a light source. A central composite design based on surface response was used to assess the influence of concentration and standing time on the absorbance ratio of TiO2-POE nanolubricant. The TiO2-POE sample was synthesized in two steps with a 0.02-0.2 vol% concentration range. A homogenizer was used to ultrasonicate the samples for 80 min. Then, U.V. visible spectrophotometry was used to examine the absorbance ratio of each sample from day 1 to day 15. Sixteen runs were performed to comply with a quadratic design for experimental data collection, then fitted using face canter alpha. The ANOVA analysis revealed that the experimental data fit the polynomial model, with an R2 value of 0.9902 and a model F-value of 201.91. This phenomenon confirms the significance of the model. The Predicted R2 of 0.9038 agrees reasonably with the Adjusted R2 of 0.9853. The findings suggest that the optimum concentration is 0.11 vol%, with an absorbance value of 0.990206 and a desirability level of 1.000