Investigation of Mutagenic Effects of Pea Green and Anti-carcinogenic Effects of Several Plants Extracts in Drosophila Melanogaster Using Wing Spot

In the present study, Pea green (E 102 - E 133) is coloring additive for its genotoxic effects and expected antigenotoxic effects of several plant extracts; Hypericum perforatum L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Lavandula stoechas L. against the food coloring were examined using Wing spot test on Drosophila melonagaster in the laboratory experiments. The Drosophila lar-vae were chronically fed in food mediums where Pea green at 25 g/L, 50 g/L, and 75 g/L concen-trations were experimentally applied. The results showed that Pea green has highly significant results at different exposure concentrations in trans-heterozygous flies (mwh/flr3) and balanc-er-heterozygous flies (mwh/TM3) for inducing the numbers of mutant wing spots compared to control groups (Chi-Square test; df=3, P<0.001). Thus, it seemed that the food coloring is a highly mutagenic agent on Drosophila melanogaster in the laboratory conditions. On the other hand, the concentrations of Pea green were used together different plant extracts at 100 g/L concentra-tion in the mediums. The numbers of mutant wing spots were compared to control groups showed that the three plant extracts have not effects to reduce the mutant spots in mwh/flr3 and mwh/TM3 flies and thus they have not antigenotoxic effects used experimental treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test; df=2, P>0.05) Keywords:Genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity; Pea green; Hypericum perforatum L.; Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Lavandula stoechas L.; Drosophila melanogaster Meigen; Wing spot test DOI:10.7176/JHMN/95-05 Publication date: November 30th 202

Population structure, adaptation and divergence of the meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae), revealed by genomic and morphological data

Understanding patterns of population differentiation and gene flow in insect vectors of plant diseases is crucial for the implementation of management programs of disease. We investigated morphological and genome-wide variation across the distribution range of the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Aphrophoridae), presently the most important vector of the plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., 1987 in Europe. We found genome-wide divergence between P. spumarius and a very closely related species, P. tesselatus Melichar, 1899, at RAD sequencing markers. The two species may be identified by the morphology of male genitalia but are not differentiated at mitochondrial COI, making DNA barcoding with this gene ineffective. This highlights the importance of using integrative approaches in taxonomy. We detected admixture between P. tesselatus from Morocco and P. spumarius from the Iberian Peninsula, suggesting gene-flow between them. Within P. spumarius, we found a pattern of isolation-by-distance in European populations, likely acting alongside other factors restricting gene flow. Varying levels of co-occurrence of different lineages, showing heterogeneous levels of admixture, suggest other isolation mechanisms. The transatlantic populations of North America and Azores were genetically closer to the British population analyzed here, suggesting an origin from North-Western Europe, as already detected with mitochondrial DNA. Nevertheless, these may have been produced through different colonization events. We detected SNPs with signatures of positive selection associated with environmental variables, especially related to extremes and range variation in temperature and precipitation. The population genomics approach provided new insights into the patterns of divergence, gene flow and adaptation in these spittlebugs and led to several hypotheses that require further local investigation.Peer reviewe

New mitochondrial and nuclear evidences support recent demographic expansion and an atypical phylogeographic pattern in the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius (Hemiptera, Aphrophoridae)

Peer reviewe