Pattern Shape Control for Heat Treatment Purification of Electron-Beam-Induced Deposition of Gold from the Me₂Au(acac) Precursor

Gold structures can be created in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) from the Me₂Au­(acac) precursor by direct writing with the electron beam. The as-deposited purity is usually poor, and a common purification approach is a post-annealing step that indeed is effective but also induces a volume reduction because of carbon loss and an undesirable reconfiguration of the gold structure, resulting in the loss of the original shape. We studied the shape change as a result of such purification, and to minimize this effect, the application of a tantalum and chromium buffer layer was investigated. These buffer materials are well-known for their good adhesion properties. We confirm by dedicated SEM, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis that, for the creation of a uniform Au structure, tantalum is a better buffer layer material than chromium. Post-annealing of the Au electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) patterns for 1 h at 600 °C in air resulted in a dramatic purity increase (from 8–12 atomic % Au to above 92 atomic % Au). The uncovered part of the tantalum layer can be easily etched away, resulting in a well-defined, high-purity, gold structure

Music Therapy in Practice of Childcare

A N O T Ā C I J A Bakalaura darba “ Mūzikas terapija bērnu aprūpes praksē” mērķis– iegūt papildus zināšanas un noskaidrot, mūzikas terapijas pasīvās formas izmantošanas efektivitāti perifērās vēnas kanilēšanas laikā jaunākā skolas vecuma bērniem. Mērķa sasniegšanai veikts pētījums, kura īstenošanai pielietota kombinētā pētniecības metode – daļēji strukturēta intervija un protokols ar mērījumiem bērniem. Pētījuma dalībnieki ir 20 jaunākie skolas vecuma pacienti, un 5 bērnu aprūpes māsas. Pētījumam izvirzītais jautājums- kas liecina par mūzikas terapijas metodes pielietošanas efektivitāti perifērās vēnas kanilēšanas laikā jaunākā skolas vecuma bērniem? Darbā izmantota H. Peplau (Hildegard E. Peplau 1909. – 1999.) māszinību aprūpes teorija, kuras pamatā ir starppersonu attiecību modelis. Pēc datu apkopošanas tika izdarīti secinājumi, no kuriem nozīmīgākais ir, ka mūzikas terapijas pasīvās metodes pielietošana perifērās vēnas kanilēšanas laikā jaunākā skolas vecuma bērniem ir emocionālo līdzsvaru veidojošs faktors, kas bērnos mazina trauksmi.Atslēgas vārdi: stress, trauksme, sāpes, bērni, mūzikas terapija.A N N O T A T I O N Bachelor thesis ''Music therapy in practice of childcare'' objective - to gain more knowledge and to find out about music therapy use of passive form efficiency in peripheral vascular system during cannulation to the youngest school-age children. To achieve the objective, a research has been done in which was used a combined research method - semi-structured interview and protocol with measurements to children. Research participants are 20 youngest school-age patients and 5 childcare nurses. The question raised to research - what indicates about the efficiency of music therapy method used in peripheral vascular system to the youngest school-age children? The author used in thesis is H. Peplau (Hildegard E. Peplau 1909. - 1999.) nursing care theory, based on the interpersonal relationship model. After data collection the most important conclusion is that music therapy passive method usage in peripheral vascular system during cannulation to the youngest school-age children have emotional balance formative factor in children that reduces anxiety. Key words: stress, anxiety, pain, children, music therapy

Iron uptake by T lymphocytes and hepatocytes.

<p>Transferrin-bound iron is internalized by TFR1-mediated endocytosis in hepatocytes <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079870#pone.0079870-Cao1" target="_blank">[47]</a> and T-lymphocytes <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079870#pone.0079870-Neckers1" target="_blank">[48]</a>. Non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) is taken up by hepatocytes <i>via</i> Zrt- and Irt-like Protein 14 (ZIP14, Slc39A14; after ferric reductase-mediated reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079870#pone.0079870-Liuzzi1" target="_blank">[49]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079870#pone.0079870-Nam1" target="_blank">[50]</a>. Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) was the first described NTBI (Fe²⁺) transporter <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079870#pone.0079870-Trinder2" target="_blank">[51]</a>, although recent data suggests it may not be important for the iron loading of the hepatocyte <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0079870#pone.0079870-Wang1" target="_blank">[52]</a>. We hypothesize that ZIP14 and DMT1 are not involved in the uptake of ferric citrate by T lymphocytes (red×symbols). Clathrin-mediated endocytosis of ferric citrate does not occur in hepatocytes and T lymphocytes (red×symbols). T lymphocytes and hepatocytes selectively take up the oligomer Fe₃Cit₃, which suggests the existence of a specific transporter (green symbols).</p

Similar patterns of NTBI uptake by T lymphocytes and hepatocytes.

<p>(A) NTBI uptake by human T-lymphocytes. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ human T-lymphocytes were incubated with 5 µM of ⁵⁵Fe-citrate (5∶100) at 37°C and 4°C and intracellular iron quantified at each time-point. Each point = average (n≥3) ±1SD. (B) NTBI uptake by HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were incubated with 5 µM of ⁵⁵Fe-citrate (5∶100) for up to 24 hours, at 37°C. Cell-associated ⁵⁵Fe levels at each time point were measured. Each point is a mean value (n = 6) ± SD. Both T-lymphocytes and HepG2 cells are able to accumulate NTBI presenting a high rate of uptake during the first 30 minutes of incubation (C–D) Specificity of NTBI uptake. CD3⁺ cells were incubated with 5 µM of ⁵⁵Fe-citrate (5∶100) for up to 90 min, at 37°C (C) or 4°C (D), and at each time point washed either with PBS (with or without pronase) or incubated for 15 min with serum-free RPMI with trypsin. Cell-associated ⁵⁵Fe levels at each time point were measured. Each point is a mean value (n = 3) ± SD. The similar results obtained at 37°C together with the differences at 4°C suggest that most of the measured iron is intracellular. Statistical significance between samples at 37°C and controls at 4°C is indicated by * symbols (*p<0.01).</p

Calculated concentrations of Fe-citrate (FeCit) species for increasing doses of Fe and 100 µM Citrate.

<p>Calculated concentrations of Fe-citrate (FeCit) species for increasing doses of Fe and 100 µM Citrate.</p

NTBI uptake by T-lymphocytes.

<p>Silver sulfide autometallography coupled with Transmission Electron Microscopy was performed in CD3⁺ T lymphocytes incubated with 5 µM of Fe-citrate (5∶100) for 15, 30 or 60 minutes. Mock control cells were incubated without Fe-citrate for 60 minutes. Arrows signal silver grains corresponding to Fe-positive particles that can be visible in the cytoplasm of cell incubated with Fe-citrate as opposite to mock control cells in which it is only associated with the plasma membrane. Highest intensity was obtained at 30 min incubation. C = cytoplasm; PM = plasma membrane; N = nucleus. Bars = 200 nm.</p

Calculated concentrations of Fe-citrate (FeCit) species for increasing doses of Fe and a constant Fe∶Citrate ratio of 1∶20.

<p>Calculated concentrations of Fe-citrate (FeCit) species for increasing doses of Fe and a constant Fe∶Citrate ratio of 1∶20.</p

Fe uptake by T lymphocytes and hepatocytes does not correlate with [FeCit₂].

<p>(A) Speciation plots for Fe-citrate species, calculated for increasing Fe-citrate concentrations maintaining a constant Fe∶citrate ratio of 1∶20 using the Hyperquad simulation and speciation (HySS) program. Predicted relative abundance (%) of the two most common Fe-Cit species at pH 7.4 is marked by a blue vertical line and a red (Fe₃Cit₃) or blue (FeCit₂) dot. (B) Fe uptake by CD3⁺ lymphocytes and HepG2 cells in the presence of increasing Fe-citrate concentrations, maintaining a constant Fe∶citrate ratio of 1∶20 (same conditions as in panel A). Experiments were performed at least three times with three replicates per experiment. Each point represents the mean (n = 3) ±1SD. (C) Regression analysis showing no significant correlation between Fe uptake by CD3⁺ (left) and HepG2 (right) cells with predicted [FeCit₂] concentration at pH 7.4.</p

Kinetics of NTBI uptake in T lymphocytes and hepatocytes.

<p>NTBI uptake by human T lymphocytes (A) and HepG2 cells (B). Cells were incubated with different concentrations of ⁵⁵Fe-citrate (1 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, 100 µM, 200 µM and 500 µM) at 37°C and intracellular iron quantified at various time points (0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 min) (n = 3). The values obtained during the first 30 min of incubation, when the transport system is not saturated, were used to calculate the rate of uptake for each concentration. CD3⁺ cells reach saturation at 200 µM of Fe-citrate and present a maximum rate of 0.4 nmol/min/10⁶ cells, as opposite to HepG2 cells, which do not saturate even at 500 µM and present a faster rate of uptake (21 nmol/min/10⁶ cells).</p