84 research outputs found
Mixture of Soft Prompts for Controllable Data Generation
Large language models (LLMs) effectively generate fluent text when the target
output follows natural language patterns. However, structured prediction tasks
confine the output format to a limited ontology, causing even very large models
to struggle since they were never trained with such restrictions in mind. The
difficulty of using LLMs for direct prediction is exacerbated in few-shot
learning scenarios, which commonly arise due to domain shift and resource
limitations. We flip the problem on its head by leveraging the LLM as a tool
for data augmentation rather than direct prediction. Our proposed Mixture of
Soft Prompts (MSP) serves as a parameter-efficient procedure for generating
data in a controlled manner. Denoising mechanisms are further applied to
improve the quality of synthesized data. Automatic metrics show our method is
capable of producing diverse and natural text, while preserving label
semantics. Moreover, MSP achieves state-of-the-art results on three benchmarks
when compared against strong baselines. Our method offers an alternate
data-centric approach for applying LLMs to complex prediction tasks.Comment: 19 pages, 13 Tables, 2 Figures. Accepted at EMNLP 202
Time-Optimal Control for High-Order Chain-of-Integrators Systems with Full State Constraints and Arbitrary Terminal States
Time-optimal control for high-order chain-of-integrators systems with full
state constraints and arbitrary given terminal states remains a challenging
problem in the optimal control theory domain, yet to be resolved. To enhance
further comprehension of the problem, this paper establishes a novel notation
system and theoretical framework, successfully providing the switching manifold
for high-order problems in the form of switching law. Through deriving
properties of switching laws on signs and dimension, this paper proposes a
definite condition for time-optimal control. Guided by the developed theory, a
trajectory planning method named the manifold-intercept method (MIM) is
developed. The proposed MIM can plan time-optimal jerk-limited trajectories
with full state constraints, and can also plan near-optimal higher-order
trajectories with negligible extra motion time. Numerical results indicate that
the proposed MIM outperforms all baselines in computational time, computational
accuracy, and trajectory quality by a large gap
Reinforcement-Learning based Portfolio Management with Augmented Asset Movement Prediction States
Portfolio management (PM) is a fundamental financial planning task that aims
to achieve investment goals such as maximal profits or minimal risks. Its
decision process involves continuous derivation of valuable information from
various data sources and sequential decision optimization, which is a
prospective research direction for reinforcement learning (RL). In this paper,
we propose SARL, a novel State-Augmented RL framework for PM. Our framework
aims to address two unique challenges in financial PM: (1) data heterogeneity
-- the collected information for each asset is usually diverse, noisy and
imbalanced (e.g., news articles); and (2) environment uncertainty -- the
financial market is versatile and non-stationary. To incorporate heterogeneous
data and enhance robustness against environment uncertainty, our SARL augments
the asset information with their price movement prediction as additional
states, where the prediction can be solely based on financial data (e.g., asset
prices) or derived from alternative sources such as news. Experiments on two
real-world datasets, (i) Bitcoin market and (ii) HighTech stock market with
7-year Reuters news articles, validate the effectiveness of SARL over existing
PM approaches, both in terms of accumulated profits and risk-adjusted profits.
Moreover, extensive simulations are conducted to demonstrate the importance of
our proposed state augmentation, providing new insights and boosting
performance significantly over standard RL-based PM method and other baselines.Comment: AAAI 202
The role of EGFR mutation as a prognostic factor in survival after diagnosis of brain metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Abstract Background The brain is a common site for metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the mutational of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and overall survival (OS) in NSCLC patients with brain metastases. Methods Searches were performed in PubMed, EmBase, and the Cochrane Library to identify studies evaluating the association of EGFR mutation with OS in NSCLC patients through September 2017. Results 4373 NSCLC patients with brain metastases in 18 studies were involved. Mutated EGFR associated with significantly improved OS compared with wild type. Subgroup analyses suggested that this relationship persisted in studies conducted in Eastern, with retrospective design, with sample size ≥500, mean age of patients ≥65.0 years, percentage male < 50.0%, percentage of patients receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitor ≥30.0%. Finally, although significant publication bias was observed using the Egger test, the results were not changed after adjustment using the trim and fill method. Conclusions This meta-analysis suggests that EGFR mutation is an important predictive factor linked to improved OS for NSCLC patients with brain metastases. It can serve as a useful index in the prognostic assessment of NSCLC patients with brain metastases
A Qualitative Study on the User Acceptance of a Home-Based Stroke Telerehabilitation System
Objective: This paper reports a qualitative study of a home-based stroke telerehabilitation system. The telerehabilitation system delivers treatment sessions in the form of daily guided rehabilitation games, exercises, and stroke education in the patient’s home. The aims of the current report are to investigate patient perceived benefits of and barriers to using the telerehabilitation system at home.
Methods: We used a qualitative study design that involved in-depth semi-structured interviews with 13 participants who were patients in the subacute phase after stroke and had completed a six-week intervention using the home-based telerehabilitation system. Thematic analysis was conducted to analyze the data.
Results: Participants mostly reported positive experiences with the telerehabilitation system. Benefits included observed improvements in limb functions, cognitive abilities, and emotional well-being. They also perceived the system easy to use due to the engaging experience and the convenience of conducting sessions at home. Meanwhile, participants pointed out the importance of considering technical support and physical environment at home. Further, family members’ support helped them sustain in their rehabilitation. Finally, adjusting difficulty levels and visualizing patients’ rehabilitation progress might help them in continued use of the telerehabilitation system.
Conclusion: Telerehabilitation systems can be used as an efficient and user-friendly tool to deliver home-based stroke rehabilitation that enhance patients’ physical recovery and mental and social-emotional wellbeing. Such systems need to be designed to offer engaging experience, display of recovery progress, and flexibility of schedule and location, with consideration of facilitating and social factors
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Home-based technologies for stroke rehabilitation: A systematic review.
BackgroundMany forms of home-based technology targeting stroke rehabilitation have been devised, and a number of human factors are important to their application, suggesting the need to examine this information in a comprehensive review.ObjectiveThe systematic review aims to synthesize the current knowledge of technologies and human factors in home-based technologies for stroke rehabilitation.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search in three electronic databases (IEEE, ACM, PubMed), including secondary citations from the literature search. We included articles that used technological means to help stroke patients conduct rehabilitation at home, reported empirical studies that evaluated the technologies with patients in the home environment, and were published in English. Three authors independently conducted the content analysis of searched articles using a list of interactively defined factors.ResultsThe search yielded 832 potentially relevant articles, leading to 31 articles that were included for in-depth analysis. The types of technology of reviewed articles included games, telerehabilitation, robotic devices, virtual reality devices, sensors, and tablets. We present the merits and limitations of each type of technology. We then derive two main human factors in designing home-based technologies for stroke rehabilitation: designing for engagement (including external and internal motivation) and designing for the home environment (including understanding the social context, practical challenges, and technical proficiency).ConclusionThis systematic review presents an overview of key technologies and human factors for designing home-based technologies for stroke rehabilitation
Electrochemical reforming of ethanol with acetate Co-Production on nickel cobalt selenide nanoparticles
The energy efficiency of water electrolysis is limited by the sluggish reaction kinetics of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To overcome this limitation, OER can be replaced by a less demanding oxidation reaction, which in the ideal scenario could be even used to generate additional valuable chemicals. Herein, we focus on the electrochemical reforming of ethanol in alkaline media to generate hydrogen at a Pt cathode and acetate as a co-product at a NiCoSe anode. We first detail the solution synthesis of a series of NiCoSe electrocatalysts. By adjusting the Ni/Co ratio, the electrocatalytic activity and selectivity for the production of acetate from ethanol are optimized. Best performances are obtained at low substitutions of Ni by Co in the cubic NiSe phase. Density function theory reveals that the Co substitution can effectively enhance the ethanol adsorption and decrease the energy barrier for its first step dehydrogenation during its conversion to acetate. However, we experimentally observe that too large amounts of Co decrease the ethanol-to-acetate Faradaic efficiency from values above 90% to just 50 %. At the optimized composition, the NiCoSe electrode delivers a stable chronoamperometry current density of up to 45 mA cm, corresponding to 1.2 A g, in a 1 M KOH + 1 M ethanol solution, with a high ethanol-to-acetate Faradaic efficiency of 82.2% at a relatively low potential, 1.50 V vs. RHE, and with an acetate production rate of 0.34 mmol cm h.This work was supported by the start-up funding at Chengdu University. It was also supported by the European Regional Development Funds and by the Spanish Ministerio de EconomÃa y Competitividad through the project SEHTOP (ENE2016-77798-C4-3-R), MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ project, and NANOGEN (PID2020-116093RB-C43). X. Wang, C. Xing, X. Han, R. He, Z. Liang, and Y. Zhang are grateful for the scholarship from China Scholarship Council (CSC). X. Han and J. Arbiol acknowledge funding from Generalitat de Catalunya 2017 SGR 327. ICN2 acknowledges support from the Severo Ochoa Programme (MINECO, Grant no. SEV-2013-0295). IREC and ICN2 are funded by the CERCA Programme / Generalitat de Catalunya
Mechanism of homocysteine-mediated endothelial injury and its consequences for atherosclerosis
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate amino acid formed during the conversion from methionine to cysteine. When the fasting plasma Hcy level is higher than 15 μmol/L, it is considered as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). The vascular endothelium is an important barrier to vascular homeostasis, and its impairment is the initiation of atherosclerosis (AS). HHcy is an important risk factor for AS, which can promote the development of AS and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, and Hcy damage to the endothelium is considered to play a very important role. However, the mechanism by which Hcy damages the endothelium is still not fully understood. This review summarizes the mechanism of Hcy-induced endothelial injury and the treatment methods to alleviate the Hcy induced endothelial dysfunction, in order to provide new thoughts for the diagnosis and treatment of Hcy-induced endothelial injury and subsequent AS-related diseases
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