2,012 research outputs found
Human Rights Accountability Through Treaty Bodies: Examining Human Rights Treaty Monitoring for Water and Sanitation
Framing scholarship on human rights accountability through treaty bodies, this article examines the water and sanitation content of state human rights reporting to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In this novel application of analytic coding methods to state human rights reports, the authors trace the relationship between human rights advancements on water and sanitation and treaty body monitoring of water and sanitation systems. These results raise an imperative for universal human rights indicators on the rights to water and sanitation, providing an empirical basis to develop universal indicators that would streamline reporting to human rights treaty bodies, facilitate monitoring of state reports, and ensure accountability for human rights implementation
STUDI KOMPARATIF TERHADAP PRINSIP DAKWAH AL-QURโAN DAN INJIL SERTA WACANA MENJEMBATANI KONFLIK ISLAM DAN KRISTEN DI INDONESIA
This paper attempted to examine the Islamic and Christian conflicts caused by da'wah or missions to spread religion by referring to the source of the da'wah call, namely the Qur'an and the Bible, and then compared them with the aim of finding common ground for the origin of the conflict. This research was a qualitative research (library research). The data were processed and analyzed by comparative descriptive method. The results showed that: first, Islam and Christianity were da'wah religions because it was evidenced from two holy book sources that both religions had verses calling to spread their religion. Second, after being investigated, the source of the conflict between Islam and Christianity was caused by certain elements who preached or conveyed religious but ignoring the prevailing ethics. Third, after tracing and reviewing and comparing the two sources of reference for the two religions, both Islam (Al-Qur'an) and Christianity (gospel) never justified da'wah carried out in an impolite way or cause a bloodshed. In contrast,ย ย the two religions often taught peace and love. Therefore, it was a need for re-reading and complete understanding of the da'wah verses both Islam and Christianity
The Politics of Budgeting in Indonesia
This thesis explores the nature of public budget-making through a study of the interplay between formal political institutions and informal practices within Indonesiaโs budgetary arena after the 2014 elections. It draws on a body of theory that deals with the role of political institutions in budget-making and engages with key theoretical debates in area studies about the role of politicians and parties within Indonesiaโs political system since the advent of democracy. Based on data collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews and a study of primary source documents, the thesis examines the legislatureโs behaviour in the budget-making process. Drawing on three case studies, it argues that the legislatureโs relationship to political parties and the executive arm of government behaviour is influenced not only by the Presidentโs constitutional budgetary powers, but also by electoral rules that encourage legislators to prioritise access to patronage resources over party affiliation. In other words, the budget-making process is driven by a combination of the executiveโs need to advance its budgetary agenda in a multiparty presidential setting, the absence of party direction and discipline and legislatorsโ need to secure patronage resources. These findings offer new insights not only into the budgetary process but also into the workings of Indonesiaโs legislature. First, the case studies show that the presence or absence of a governing coalition is not a key determining factor in providing stability in the budget decision-making process. Second, they demonstrate thatโin the absence of effective coalitionsโthe use of constitutional budget-making powers to maintain the support of the legislature comes at a particularly high political cost. Third, they reveal a form of cartel-like behaviour among individuals, rather than parties, which challenges the applicability of cartel party theory in the Indonesian context
The Politics of Budgeting in Indonesia
This thesis explores the nature of public budget-making through a study of the interplay between formal political institutions and informal practices within Indonesiaโs budgetary arena after the 2014 elections. It draws on a body of theory that deals with the role of political institutions in budget-making and engages with key theoretical debates in area studies about the role of politicians and parties within Indonesiaโs political system since the advent of democracy. Based on data collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews and a study of primary source documents, the thesis examines the legislatureโs behaviour in the budget-making process. Drawing on three case studies, it argues that the legislatureโs relationship to political parties and the executive arm of government behaviour is influenced not only by the Presidentโs constitutional budgetary powers, but also by electoral rules that encourage legislators to prioritise access to patronage resources over party affiliation. In other words, the budget-making process is driven by a combination of the executiveโs need to advance its budgetary agenda in a multiparty presidential setting, the absence of party direction and discipline and legislatorsโ need to secure patronage resources. These findings offer new insights not only into the budgetary process but also into the workings of Indonesiaโs legislature. First, the case studies show that the presence or absence of a governing coalition is not a key determining factor in providing stability in the budget decision-making process. Second, they demonstrate thatโin the absence of effective coalitionsโthe use of constitutional budget-making powers to maintain the support of the legislature comes at a particularly high political cost. Third, they reveal a form of cartel-like behaviour among individuals, rather than parties, which challenges the applicability of cartel party theory in the Indonesian context
EKRANISASI KOMIK BECK KARYA HAROLD SAKUISHI KE DALAM FILM BECK KARYA YUKIHIKO TSUTSUMI
Pradjipta, Yuna. 2013. Ekranisasi Komik Beck Karya Harold Sakuishi kedalam Film Beck Karya Yukihiko Tsutsumi. Program Studi Sastra Jepang,UniversitasBrawijaya.รย Pembimbing รย รย : (I) Retno Dewi Ambarastuti, M. Si; (II) Dra. ElisabethWorobroto PKata kunci รย : Ekranisasi, komik, film, Beck, unsur intrinsik Komik ternyata tidak hanya dapat dinikmati sebagai karya tulis, namunรย juga menjadi inspirasi para sutradara untuk membuat film. Karya tulis yang diadaptasi menjadi film disebut ekranisasi. Salah satu film hasil adaptasi dari komikadalah film Beck karya Yukihiko Tsutsumi. Dalam peneletian ini penulisbermaksud untuk menjelaskan perbedaan dan persamaan dalam unsur intrinsikyang terdapat dalam komik dan film Beck, seperti tema, plot, tokoh danpenokohan, latar dan sudut pandang.รย Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan teori ekranisasi serta teoristruktural dilihat dari unsur intrinsik yang meliputi tema, plot, tokoh danpenokohan, latar dan sudut pandang sebagai pedoman dalam menganalisis.รย Hasil dari analisis yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa antara komik danfilm terdapat perbedaan dan persamaan. Secara umum perbedaan tersebut adalahbeberapa peristiwa yang diceritakan dalam komik tidak semuanya ditunjukkandalam film. Perbedaan tersebut ditunjukkan pada pengurangan peristiwa,penambahan, atau pengubahan.รย Dalam karya ini ditemukan banyak hal yang berkaitan dengan dunia Barat,sehingga diharapkan pada penelitian berikutnya yang menggunakan karya inidapat menelitinya dengan pengaruh westernisasi yang terkandung dalam komikataupun film Beck
Photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(PET-RAFT) using purely organic photocatalysts in the presence of oxygen
Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe necessity of a sustainable polymerization method renders a synthesis method to be more simple, efficient, and green. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a typical method of living radical polymerization. This can control the degree of polymerization and the molecular weight depending on the reaction time and obtain the narrow molecular weight distribution. Recently, photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET)-RAFT polymerization using photocatalysts has shown the excellent oxygen tolerance with use of transition metal-based catalysts, such as iridium or ruthenium complex. However, this approach is not effective for sustainable polymerization owing to the metal contaminations and hazards of toxicity, which necessitate the purification to remove residual transition metals after reaction.
Here, we discovered purely organic photocatalysts (OPC) with light absorption in the visible light region. The well-designed highly efficient OPC provides excellent control and narrow molecular weight distributions for PET-RAFT at extremely low catalyst loadings as well as low-energy light irradiation conditions, without additional reducing agents unlike other OPCs reported. In addition, by depth experimental and computational study, we present the following key factors showing the excellent oxygen tolerance with ppm-level catalyst loadings: the strong visible-light absorption and efficient generation of long-lived triplet states of the OPC, the oxidation stability and short retardation of chain-transfer agent (CTA), such as trithiocarbonate-based CTA.clos
๊ณ ํ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ ๊ฒฝ ์ฐํ ์ง์ ํฉ์ฑ ํจ์์ ์ํ ์กฐ์
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ) -- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ์๊ณผ๋ํ ์๊ณผํ๊ณผ, 2021. 2. Yin Hua Zhang.์ ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์ ํ์ํ ์๋์ง ๋๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ ๋์ฌ๋ก ์์ฐ๋๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์ง๋ณ ์ํ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ๋์ฌ ์ฝํ๋๋ฉฐ ์๋์ง๋ ํฌ๋๋น๋์ฌ ์์ฃผ๋ก ๋ณํ ๋๋ค. ์ต๊ทผ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณ ํ์ (HTN) ์ฌ์ฅ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ ๋์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ฏธ์ฝํด ์ง๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ ธ ์๋ค. ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฑ ์ฐํ ์ง์ ํฉ์ฑ ํจ์ (nNOS)๋ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด์ ์ํธ ์์ฉ์ ํ์ฌ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ค๊ณ ์๋ ค์ก๋ค. ํ์ฌ๊น์ง nNOS๊ฐ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ๋์ฌ ์กฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์, ์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ ์๊ณผ ์์ง์คํ
์ II (Ang II)๋ก ์ ๋ ๋ HTN ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ nNOS์ ์ํ ์กฐ์ ์ ํ๊ตฌํ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์ด๋ค.
์ ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ผ์์ ํ๋ฏธ ํ ์ผ ์นด๋ฅด๋ํด (PC) ๋๋ ํ ๋ฏธํธ ์ฐ (PA)์ ์ํด ์ฐ์ ์๋ชจ๋(OCR)๊ณผ ์ธํฌ ๋ด ATP๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋๋ฉฐ, C-I๊ณผ C-II์ ํ์ฑ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. HTH์์ PC์ ์ํด C-I ํ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ๋์์ง๋ง C-II์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ OCR๋ PC์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์๋์๋ค. C-II ์ต์ ์ (malonate, 30mM) ๋๋ ๋กํ
๋
ผ (5M)์ผ๋ก C-I๋ฅผ ์ต์ ํ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ์ ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ๊ทผ ์ธํฌ์ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ OCR์ ๋ชจ๋ ๊ฐ์๋์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง HTN์์ malonate๋ฅผ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ์์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ OCR์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ์์์ง๋ง ๋กํ
๋
ผ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌํ ์กฐ๊ฑด์์๋ OCR ์ฆ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ด์ฐฐ ๋์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์๋ C-I์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์๊ณ HTN์์ C-I๋ PC์ ์ํด ํ์ฑ๋์์ผ๋ C-II์ ํ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์๋์๋ค. nNOS ๋จ๋ฐฑ์ง์ ๋ฐํ์ ์ ์๊ณผ HTN ์ฌ๊ทผ ์ธํฌ ๋๋ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์์์ ๋ณํํ์ง ์์๊ณ nNOS์ ์ต์ ์ S-๋ฉํธ-1-ํฐ์ค์ํธ๋ฃฐ๋ฆฐ (SMTC)๋ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ์ ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ์ธํฌ ๋๋ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ OCR๊ณผ ATP ์ฆ๊ฐ์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์๋ค. HTN์์๋ SMTC์ ์ํด ATP๊ฐ ๋ณํ ์์์ง๋ง OCR๋ ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค. ์ ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ์์ SMTC๋ C-I์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ์์ผฐ์ง๋ง C-II์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ ์ํค์ง ์์๋ค. HTN์์ SMTC๋ C-I ๋ฐ C-II ํ์ฑ์ ๋ชจ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผฐ๋ค. ๋ํ, PA์ malonate ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ OCR๋ SMTC์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐ๋์ง๋ง PA์ ๋กํ
๋
ผ ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ SMTC๋ OCR์ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ nNOS๋ C-I์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ฝํํ์ฌ OCR๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์ ์ํ๋ค. HTN์์ SMTC๋ ๋กํ
๋
ผ์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐํ OCR์ ๋์ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ ์์ผฐ์ง๋ง malonate์ ์ ์ฒ๋ฆฌ์๋ ๋ณํ ์ฃผ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ ๋ณด์ HTN์์ nNOS์ ์ํ C-II์ ์กฐ์ ๋ก OCR ์กฐ์ ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ ์๋ค. ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒ๋ ์ ์ ์ฅ ์ฌ์ฅ ๊ทผ์ธํฌ์์ PA์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ ๋๋๋ nNOS-NO๋ ๋กํ
๋
ผ์ ์ํ์ฌ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋๊ณ , HTN์์๋ malonate์ ์ํด nNOS-NO๋ ๋ถ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๊ฐ์๋๋ค.
์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ nNOS์ ์กฐ์ ์ ์ฌ๋ฐฉ๊ทผ (LA)์์๋ ๊ด์ฐฐํ์๋ค. OCR๋ HTN-LA์์ ์ ์๋ณด๋ค ์ปธ๋ค. PA๋ ์ ์ LA์์ OCR์ ๋ ์ฆ๊ฐ ์์ผฐ์ง๋ง HTN-LA์์๋ ๊ฐ์์์ผฐ๋ค. SMTC๊ณผ eNOS/nNOS ์ต์ ์ Nฯ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)๋ ์ ์ LA์์ PA์ ์ํด ์ฆ๊ฐํ OCR๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ผฐ์ง๋ง HTN-LA์๋ ์ํฅ์ ๋ฏธ์น์ง ์์๋ค. HTN-LA์์ PA๋ eNOSSer1177๊ณผ nNOSSer1417 ๋ฐ NO๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ผฐ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง sham-LA์์๋ ๋ณํ์์ด ์ด๋ HTN-LA์์ NO๊ฐ PA์ ์ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ์ํ๊ณ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฑ์ ์ต์ ํ ๊ฒ์ผ๋ก ํ๋จ๋๋ค. S-ํ๋ฏธํ ์ด๋ ์ด์
์ PA์ ์ค์ํ ์ ์ฌ ํ ๋ณํ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐ๋ผ์ S-ํ๋ฏธํ ์ด๋ ์ด์
์ต์ ์ ์ธ 2-๋ธ๋ก๋ชจํ๋ฏธํธ์ฐ (2BP)๋ฅผ ์ฌ์ฉํ์ฌ HTN-LA์์ PA์ ์ํด ๊ฐ์ํ nNOSSer1417 ๋ฐ OCR๋ฅผ ๋ค์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์ํค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ์ธํ์๋ค.
์ ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ ์ ์๊ณผ ๊ณ ํ์ ์ฌ์ฅ์์ ์ง๋ฐฉ์ฐ์ ์ํ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด ํ์ฑ์ ๋ํ nNOS ์กฐ์ ์ ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐํ ๋๊ณ , ์ด๋ก ์ธํ์ฌ nNOS์ ์ํ ๋์ฌ ์กฐ์ ์ ๊ณ ํ์์ ์ฌ๊ทผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅ ์ฅ์ ์ ๊ธฐ์ด๊ฐ ๋ ์ ์์์ ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋ค.
๋ณธ ๋ด์ฉ์ Pflugers Archive European Journal of Physiology ์ ์ถํ ์๋ฃ๋ ๋ด์ฉ์
๋๋ค. (Wu YN et al., 2020 Jul 23 and Wu YN et al., 2020 Sep 17).
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์ฃผ์์ด: ์ฌ๊ทผ์ธํฌ, ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์, ๋ฏธํ ์ฝ๋๋ฆฌ์ ํ์ฑ, ๋ณตํฉ์ฒด-I, nNOS, ๊ณ ํ์.
ํ๋ฒ: 2014-31467Fatty acid (FA)-dependent metabolism is important in maintaining cardiac contractile function. Under disease conditions, FA metabolism shifts from FA to glucose-dependent pathways. Recent research has shown that FA-dependent metabolism is dysregulated in hypertensive (HTN) myocardium. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) regulates cardiac physiology and pathology and is involved in mitochondrial activity through its interactions with mitochondrial complexes. Until recently, the mechanisms of the regulation of mitochondrial complexes by nNOS with FA in HTN remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate mitochondrial activity with FA supplementation in sham and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced HTN rat hearts and nNOS regulation of complex-mediated mitochondrial activity under these conditions.
Our results showed that oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and intracellular ATP were increased by palmitoyl-carnitine (PC) or palmitic acid (PA). Furthermore, mitochondrial complex I and complex II (C-I and C-II) activity were increased by PA or PC in sham rat hearts. In HTH, C-I activity was increased but C-II activity was reduced by PC, result in reduced mitochondrial OCR. In the presence of C-II inhibitor (malonate, 30 mM) or C-I inhibitor (rotenone, 5M), OCR was decreased with PA or PC supplementation both in cardiomyocytes and mitochondrial fraction from sham rat hearts. In HTN, however, malonate did not affect mitochondrial OCR in the presence of PC but OCR was increased with rotenone. Therefore, FA increased mitochondrial activity through enhancing of C-I and C-II activity in sham. By contrast, FA-dependent mitochondrial activity was reduced by C-II downregulation in HTN, despite of the fact that C-I activity was increased by PC. nNOS protein was expressed similarly in sham and HTN LV mitochondrial fraction. Inhibition of nNOS with S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline (SMTC) did not affect OCR or cellular ATP in the presence of PC or PA in sham, but increased OCR in HTN without changing myocardial ATP level. SMTC increased C-I activity only in sham (with C-II activity unaffected), but both C-I and C-II activity were increased by SMTC in HTN. In addition, OCR was increased by SMTC+PC or PA with malonate in sham mitochondrial fraction and cardiomyocyte, but such effects were not observed in the presence of rotenone, indicating that nNOS attenuates C-I-mediated OCR. In contrast, SMTC increased OCR with rotenone pretreatment but not with malonate in HTN, suggesting that nNOS modulates C-II-mediated OCR in HTN. Furthermore, nNOS-derived NO was increased by rotenone in LV myocytes with PA in sham. nNOS-derived NO was partially reduced by malonate with PA in HTN.
In parallel, I went on and investigated the effects of nNOS on OCR in atrial myocardium. In atria, OCR was greater in HTN-LA compared to those in sham-LA and PA increased OCR further in sham-LA but reduced it in HTN-LA. SMTC or Nฯ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) reduced PA-increment of OCR in sham-LA but exerted no effect in HTN-LA. PA reduced eNOSSer1177, nNOSSer1417 and NO level in HTN-LA but exerted no effect in sham-LA, indicating that NO deficiency underlie reduced mitochondrial activity in HTN-LA. S-palmitoylation is an important post-transcriptional modification in the presence of PA. S-palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), prevented PA-dependent decrease of nNOSSer1417 and OCR only in HTN-LA, suggesting S-palmitoylation and nNOS inhibition mediate PA-dependent OCR reduction in HTN-LA.
Taken together, my research revealed novel mechanisms of FA-dependent mitochondrial activities and complex regulation by nNOS in healthy and HTN rat hearts. Metabolic dysregulation by nNOS underlie atrial and ventricular remodeling in HTN.
Some of the work are published in Pflugers Archive European Journal of Physiology (Wu YN et al., 2020 Jul 23 and Wu YN et al., 2020 Sep 17).
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Keywords: cardiac myocytes, mitochondria, mitochondrial activity, complex I, nNOS, hypertension.
Student number: 2014-31467CONTENTS
Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- โ
ฃ
List of tables and figures ------------------------------------------------------------- โ
ค
List of abbreviations ---------------------------------------------------------------- โ
ง
Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
Materials and methods --------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Results
Part I FA regulation of mitochondrial activity in sham and HTN rat hearts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20
Part II FA-dependent of mitochondrial activity by nNOS in sham and HTN rat hearts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
Part III FA-dependent of mitochondrial activity and its regulation by NOS in sham and HTN atrial myocardium ----------------------------------------------- 38
Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55
References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66
Abstract in Korean -------------------------------------------------------------------- 73Docto
Applying a Journal Project to Learners and Learning
This paper explores learners and learning based on my case study. I will discuss learner characteristics based on my prediction of how learning would happen when I developed the project. Then I will discuss motivation and interests impacting on learners where I will further explore how learning actually happened. The following discussion will concern the context of the learning environment where I analyse factors that impact on learning and learners. Then, I will also explore my reflections on the learning process and introduce my plans to improve my teaching strategies in the future. Throughout the discussion I will refer to two different types of results, based on the general result of teaching and learning activity and based on Ikbarโs case, which showed a deviation from general performance.Keywords: journaling, writing, learningDOI:ย 10.17977/um013v1i22017p09
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