Human Rights Accountability Through Treaty Bodies: Examining Human Rights Treaty Monitoring for Water and Sanitation

Framing scholarship on human rights accountability through treaty bodies, this article examines the water and sanitation content of state human rights reporting to the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. In this novel application of analytic coding methods to state human rights reports, the authors trace the relationship between human rights advancements on water and sanitation and treaty body monitoring of water and sanitation systems. These results raise an imperative for universal human rights indicators on the rights to water and sanitation, providing an empirical basis to develop universal indicators that would streamline reporting to human rights treaty bodies, facilitate monitoring of state reports, and ensure accountability for human rights implementation

STUDI KOMPARATIF TERHADAP PRINSIP DAKWAH AL-QUR’AN DAN INJIL SERTA WACANA MENJEMBATANI KONFLIK ISLAM DAN KRISTEN DI INDONESIA

This paper attempted to examine the Islamic and Christian conflicts caused by da'wah or missions to spread religion by referring to the source of the da'wah call, namely the Qur'an and the Bible, and then compared them with the aim of finding common ground for the origin of the conflict. This research was a qualitative research (library research). The data were processed and analyzed by comparative descriptive method. The results showed that: first, Islam and Christianity were da'wah religions because it was evidenced from two holy book sources that both religions had verses calling to spread their religion. Second, after being investigated, the source of the conflict between Islam and Christianity was caused by certain elements who preached or conveyed religious but ignoring the prevailing ethics. Third, after tracing and reviewing and comparing the two sources of reference for the two religions, both Islam (Al-Qur'an) and Christianity (gospel) never justified da'wah carried out in an impolite way or cause a bloodshed. In contrast,   the two religions often taught peace and love. Therefore, it was a need for re-reading and complete understanding of the da'wah verses both Islam and Christianity

The Politics of Budgeting in Indonesia

This thesis explores the nature of public budget-making through a study of the interplay between formal political institutions and informal practices within Indonesia’s budgetary arena after the 2014 elections. It draws on a body of theory that deals with the role of political institutions in budget-making and engages with key theoretical debates in area studies about the role of politicians and parties within Indonesia’s political system since the advent of democracy. Based on data collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews and a study of primary source documents, the thesis examines the legislature’s behaviour in the budget-making process. Drawing on three case studies, it argues that the legislature’s relationship to political parties and the executive arm of government behaviour is influenced not only by the President’s constitutional budgetary powers, but also by electoral rules that encourage legislators to prioritise access to patronage resources over party affiliation. In other words, the budget-making process is driven by a combination of the executive’s need to advance its budgetary agenda in a multiparty presidential setting, the absence of party direction and discipline and legislators’ need to secure patronage resources. These findings offer new insights not only into the budgetary process but also into the workings of Indonesia’s legislature. First, the case studies show that the presence or absence of a governing coalition is not a key determining factor in providing stability in the budget decision-making process. Second, they demonstrate that—in the absence of effective coalitions—the use of constitutional budget-making powers to maintain the support of the legislature comes at a particularly high political cost. Third, they reveal a form of cartel-like behaviour among individuals, rather than parties, which challenges the applicability of cartel party theory in the Indonesian context

The Politics of Budgeting in Indonesia

This thesis explores the nature of public budget-making through a study of the interplay between formal political institutions and informal practices within Indonesia’s budgetary arena after the 2014 elections. It draws on a body of theory that deals with the role of political institutions in budget-making and engages with key theoretical debates in area studies about the role of politicians and parties within Indonesia’s political system since the advent of democracy. Based on data collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews and a study of primary source documents, the thesis examines the legislature’s behaviour in the budget-making process. Drawing on three case studies, it argues that the legislature’s relationship to political parties and the executive arm of government behaviour is influenced not only by the President’s constitutional budgetary powers, but also by electoral rules that encourage legislators to prioritise access to patronage resources over party affiliation. In other words, the budget-making process is driven by a combination of the executive’s need to advance its budgetary agenda in a multiparty presidential setting, the absence of party direction and discipline and legislators’ need to secure patronage resources. These findings offer new insights not only into the budgetary process but also into the workings of Indonesia’s legislature. First, the case studies show that the presence or absence of a governing coalition is not a key determining factor in providing stability in the budget decision-making process. Second, they demonstrate that—in the absence of effective coalitions—the use of constitutional budget-making powers to maintain the support of the legislature comes at a particularly high political cost. Third, they reveal a form of cartel-like behaviour among individuals, rather than parties, which challenges the applicability of cartel party theory in the Indonesian context

EKRANISASI KOMIK BECK KARYA HAROLD SAKUISHI KE DALAM FILM BECK KARYA YUKIHIKO TSUTSUMI

Pradjipta, Yuna. 2013. Ekranisasi Komik Beck Karya Harold Sakuishi kedalam Film Beck Karya Yukihiko Tsutsumi. Program Studi Sastra Jepang,UniversitasBrawijaya. Pembimbing    : (I) Retno Dewi Ambarastuti, M. Si; (II) Dra. ElisabethWorobroto PKata kunci  : Ekranisasi, komik, film, Beck, unsur intrinsik Komik ternyata tidak hanya dapat dinikmati sebagai karya tulis, namun juga menjadi inspirasi para sutradara untuk membuat film. Karya tulis yang diadaptasi menjadi film disebut ekranisasi. Salah satu film hasil adaptasi dari komikadalah film Beck karya Yukihiko Tsutsumi. Dalam peneletian ini penulisbermaksud untuk menjelaskan perbedaan dan persamaan dalam unsur intrinsikyang terdapat dalam komik dan film Beck, seperti tema, plot, tokoh danpenokohan, latar dan sudut pandang. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan teori ekranisasi serta teoristruktural dilihat dari unsur intrinsik yang meliputi tema, plot, tokoh danpenokohan, latar dan sudut pandang sebagai pedoman dalam menganalisis. Hasil dari analisis yang dilakukan dapat diketahui bahwa antara komik danfilm terdapat perbedaan dan persamaan. Secara umum perbedaan tersebut adalahbeberapa peristiwa yang diceritakan dalam komik tidak semuanya ditunjukkandalam film. Perbedaan tersebut ditunjukkan pada pengurangan peristiwa,penambahan, atau pengubahan. Dalam karya ini ditemukan banyak hal yang berkaitan dengan dunia Barat,sehingga diharapkan pada penelitian berikutnya yang menggunakan karya inidapat menelitinya dengan pengaruh westernisasi yang terkandung dalam komikataupun film Beck

Photoinduced electron/energy transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(PET-RAFT) using purely organic photocatalysts in the presence of oxygen

Department of Materials Science and EngineeringThe necessity of a sustainable polymerization method renders a synthesis method to be more simple, efficient, and green. Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a typical method of living radical polymerization. This can control the degree of polymerization and the molecular weight depending on the reaction time and obtain the narrow molecular weight distribution. Recently, photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET)-RAFT polymerization using photocatalysts has shown the excellent oxygen tolerance with use of transition metal-based catalysts, such as iridium or ruthenium complex. However, this approach is not effective for sustainable polymerization owing to the metal contaminations and hazards of toxicity, which necessitate the purification to remove residual transition metals after reaction. Here, we discovered purely organic photocatalysts (OPC) with light absorption in the visible light region. The well-designed highly efficient OPC provides excellent control and narrow molecular weight distributions for PET-RAFT at extremely low catalyst loadings as well as low-energy light irradiation conditions, without additional reducing agents unlike other OPCs reported. In addition, by depth experimental and computational study, we present the following key factors showing the excellent oxygen tolerance with ppm-level catalyst loadings: the strong visible-light absorption and efficient generation of long-lived triplet states of the OPC, the oxidation stability and short retardation of chain-transfer agent (CTA), such as trithiocarbonate-based CTA.clos

고혈압 쥐 심장에서 지방산에 의한 미토콘드리아 활성의 신경 산화 질소 합성 효소에 의한 조절

학위논문 (박사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의과대학 의과학과, 2021. 2. Yin Hua Zhang.정상 심장에 필요한 에너지 대부분은 지방산 대사로 생산된다. 하지만 질병 상태에서 지방산대사 약화되며 에너지는 포도당대사 위주로 변화 된다. 최근 연구에 따르면 고혈압 (HTN) 심장에서 지방산 대사가 미약해 진다고 알려져 있다. 신경성 산화 질소 합성 효소 (nNOS)는 미토콘드리아 복합체와 상호 작용을 하여 미토콘드리아 활성을 조절한다고 알려졌다. 현재까지 nNOS가 지방산대사 조절과 기전에 대한 연구는 없다. 따라서, 저의 연구목적은 정상과 안지오텐신 II (Ang II)로 유도 된 HTN 쥐 심장에서 지방산에 의한 미토콘드리아 활성과 nNOS에 의한 조절을 탐구하는 내용이다. 정상 쥐 심장 미토콘드리야에서 팔미 토일 카르니틴 (PC) 또는 팔 미트 산 (PA)에 의해 산소 소모량(OCR)과 세포 내 ATP는 증가되며, C-I과 C-II의 활성도 증가하였다. HTH에서 PC에 의해 C-I 활성은 증가 되였지만 C-II의 활성은 감소되였다. 따라서 미토콘드리아 OCR도 PC에 의해 감소되였다. C-II 억제제 (malonate, 30mM) 또는 로테논 (5M)으로 C-I를 억제한 경우, 정상 쥐 심근 세포와 미토콘드리아에서 지방산에 의한 OCR은 모두 감소되였다. 하지만 HTN에서 malonate를 처리하였을 경우 미토콘드리아 OCR은 변화가 없었지만 로테논을 처리한 조건에서는 OCR 증가가 관찰 되였다. 따라서 정상 쥐 심장에서 지방산에 의한 미토콘드리아는 C-I의 활성에 의해 증가되였고 HTN에서 C-I는 PC에 의해 활성되였으나 C-II의 활성은 감소되였다. nNOS 단백질의 발현은 정상과 HTN 심근 세포 또는 미토콘드리아에서 변화하지 않았고 nNOS의 억제제 S-메틸-1-티오시트룰린 (SMTC)는 지방산에 의한 정상 쥐 심장세포 또는 미토콘드리아 OCR과 ATP 증가에 영향을 미치지 않았다. HTN에서는 SMTC에 의해 ATP가 변화 없었지만 OCR는 증가하였다. 정상 쥐 심장에서 SMTC는 C-I의 활성을 증가 시켰지만 C-II의 활성은 증가 시키지 않았다. HTN에서 SMTC는 C-I 및 C-II 활성을 모두 증가시켰다. 또한, PA와 malonate 전처리 경우 OCR는 SMTC에 의해 증가되지만 PA와 로테논 전처리 경우 SMTC는 OCR에 영향을 미치지 않은 것을 보아 nNOS는 C-I의 활성을 약화하여 OCR를 조절하는 기전을 제시한다. HTN에서 SMTC는 로테논에 의해 증가한 OCR을 더욱 증가 시켰지만 malonate의 전처리에는 변화 주지 않은 것을 보아 HTN에서 nNOS에 의한 C-II의 조절로 OCR 조절 되는 것을 알수 있다. 흥미롭게도 정상 쥐 심장 근세포에서 PA에 의하여 유래되는 nNOS-NO는 로테논에 의하여 증가되고, HTN에서는 malonate에 의해 nNOS-NO는 부분적으로 감소된다. 지방산에 의한 미토콘드리아의 활성과 nNOS의 조절을 심방근 (LA)에서도 관찰하였다. OCR는 HTN-LA에서 정상보다 컸다. PA는 정상 LA에서 OCR을 더 증가 시켰지만 HTN-LA에서는 감소시켰다. SMTC과 eNOS/nNOS 억제제 Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME)는 정상 LA에서 PA에 의해 증가한 OCR를 감소 시켰지만 HTN-LA에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. HTN-LA에서 PA는 eNOSSer1177과 nNOSSer1417 및 NO를 감소 시켰다. 하지만 sham-LA에서는 변화없어 이는 HTN-LA에서 NO가 PA에 의하여 감소하고 미토콘드리아 활성을 억제한 것으로 판단된다. S-팔미토이레이션은 PA의 중요한 전사 후 변형이며, 따라서 S-팔미토이레이션 억제제인 2-브로모팔미트산 (2BP)를 사용하여 HTN-LA에서 PA에 의해 감소한 nNOSSer1417 및 OCR를 다시 증가시키는 것을 확인하였다. 저의 연구는 정상과 고혈압 심장에서 지방산에 의한 미토콘드리아 활성과 미토콘드리아 복합체 활성에 대한 nNOS 조절의 새로운 기전을 밝혀 냈고, 이로 인하여 nNOS에 의한 대사 조절은 고혈압의 심근 기능 장애의 기초가 될 수 있음을 보여준다. 본 내용은 Pflugers Archive European Journal of Physiology 에 출판 완료된 내용입니다. (Wu YN et al., 2020 Jul 23 and Wu YN et al., 2020 Sep 17). -------------------------------------------------- 주요어: 심근세포, 미토콘드리아, 미토콘드리아 활성, 복합체-I, nNOS, 고혈압. 학번: 2014-31467Fatty acid (FA)-dependent metabolism is important in maintaining cardiac contractile function. Under disease conditions, FA metabolism shifts from FA to glucose-dependent pathways. Recent research has shown that FA-dependent metabolism is dysregulated in hypertensive (HTN) myocardium. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) regulates cardiac physiology and pathology and is involved in mitochondrial activity through its interactions with mitochondrial complexes. Until recently, the mechanisms of the regulation of mitochondrial complexes by nNOS with FA in HTN remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate mitochondrial activity with FA supplementation in sham and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced HTN rat hearts and nNOS regulation of complex-mediated mitochondrial activity under these conditions. Our results showed that oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and intracellular ATP were increased by palmitoyl-carnitine (PC) or palmitic acid (PA). Furthermore, mitochondrial complex I and complex II (C-I and C-II) activity were increased by PA or PC in sham rat hearts. In HTH, C-I activity was increased but C-II activity was reduced by PC, result in reduced mitochondrial OCR. In the presence of C-II inhibitor (malonate, 30 mM) or C-I inhibitor (rotenone, 5M), OCR was decreased with PA or PC supplementation both in cardiomyocytes and mitochondrial fraction from sham rat hearts. In HTN, however, malonate did not affect mitochondrial OCR in the presence of PC but OCR was increased with rotenone. Therefore, FA increased mitochondrial activity through enhancing of C-I and C-II activity in sham. By contrast, FA-dependent mitochondrial activity was reduced by C-II downregulation in HTN, despite of the fact that C-I activity was increased by PC. nNOS protein was expressed similarly in sham and HTN LV mitochondrial fraction. Inhibition of nNOS with S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline (SMTC) did not affect OCR or cellular ATP in the presence of PC or PA in sham, but increased OCR in HTN without changing myocardial ATP level. SMTC increased C-I activity only in sham (with C-II activity unaffected), but both C-I and C-II activity were increased by SMTC in HTN. In addition, OCR was increased by SMTC+PC or PA with malonate in sham mitochondrial fraction and cardiomyocyte, but such effects were not observed in the presence of rotenone, indicating that nNOS attenuates C-I-mediated OCR. In contrast, SMTC increased OCR with rotenone pretreatment but not with malonate in HTN, suggesting that nNOS modulates C-II-mediated OCR in HTN. Furthermore, nNOS-derived NO was increased by rotenone in LV myocytes with PA in sham. nNOS-derived NO was partially reduced by malonate with PA in HTN. In parallel, I went on and investigated the effects of nNOS on OCR in atrial myocardium. In atria, OCR was greater in HTN-LA compared to those in sham-LA and PA increased OCR further in sham-LA but reduced it in HTN-LA. SMTC or Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) reduced PA-increment of OCR in sham-LA but exerted no effect in HTN-LA. PA reduced eNOSSer1177, nNOSSer1417 and NO level in HTN-LA but exerted no effect in sham-LA, indicating that NO deficiency underlie reduced mitochondrial activity in HTN-LA. S-palmitoylation is an important post-transcriptional modification in the presence of PA. S-palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate (2BP), prevented PA-dependent decrease of nNOSSer1417 and OCR only in HTN-LA, suggesting S-palmitoylation and nNOS inhibition mediate PA-dependent OCR reduction in HTN-LA. Taken together, my research revealed novel mechanisms of FA-dependent mitochondrial activities and complex regulation by nNOS in healthy and HTN rat hearts. Metabolic dysregulation by nNOS underlie atrial and ventricular remodeling in HTN. Some of the work are published in Pflugers Archive European Journal of Physiology (Wu YN et al., 2020 Jul 23 and Wu YN et al., 2020 Sep 17). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords: cardiac myocytes, mitochondria, mitochondrial activity, complex I, nNOS, hypertension. Student number: 2014-31467CONTENTS Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅳ List of tables and figures ------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅴ List of abbreviations ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ⅷ Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Materials and methods --------------------------------------------------------------- 11 Results Part I FA regulation of mitochondrial activity in sham and HTN rat hearts ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 20 Part II FA-dependent of mitochondrial activity by nNOS in sham and HTN rat hearts ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 Part III FA-dependent of mitochondrial activity and its regulation by NOS in sham and HTN atrial myocardium ----------------------------------------------- 38 Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 55 References ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66 Abstract in Korean -------------------------------------------------------------------- 73Docto

Applying a Journal Project to Learners and Learning

This paper explores learners and learning based on my case study. I will discuss learner characteristics based on my prediction of how learning would happen when I developed the project. Then I will discuss motivation and interests impacting on learners where I will further explore how learning actually happened. The following discussion will concern the context of the learning environment where I analyse factors that impact on learning and learners. Then, I will also explore my reflections on the learning process and introduce my plans to improve my teaching strategies in the future. Throughout the discussion I will refer to two different types of results, based on the general result of teaching and learning activity and based on Ikbar’s case, which showed a deviation from general performance.Keywords: journaling, writing, learningDOI: 10.17977/um013v1i22017p09