教師の対人ストレス対処方略に関する臨床心理学的研究(4) ― 児童・生徒との関係におけるストレスと対処方略の類型化の試み ―

This study examined teachers\u27 cognitive framework for interpersonal stress caused by students and their coping strategies by using free-writing questionnaire method. Students whom teachers felt to be stressful were classified into four types. It showed that the more aggressive students were the more anger and depressive feeling teachers felt. It is suggested that each type is deeply connected with teachers\u27 "demand for maintenance of the norm" and that the viewpoint "whether students obey the norm or not" works strongly as the teachers\u27 cognitive framework. Furthermore, the inner and outer demand for maintenance of norms may make teachers more nervous and could be a background factor for their stress. Coping strategies are classified into four categories, among them "consultation" strategy was most frequently used and consultation for emotional support indicated high effectiveness. Establishing collaborative relationship among teachers, separating cognition of student\u27s misbehavior from teacher\u27s feelings, and flexibly reconstructing the cognitive framework into a new one on the basis of understanding student behavior was found to be very effective in the process for relating to students and decreasing stress. Further research from this standpoint can explore the collegial relationship as a support resource and method for augmenting teachers\u27 ability

Peculiar Solvent Flow along the Gel Network after Gelation at Interfaces

Spatial distributions of solvents in a gel interfacing a solid surface are mapped using confocal Raman microscopy. A binary mixture of completely miscible liquids, <i>p</i>-xylene and octanenitrile, is gelled while in contact with various solid surfaces. Despite its miscibility, <i>p</i>-xylene is found to distribute in excess near the completely wet surfaces soon after the gelation while the gelator distributes uniformly. The concentration excess decreases linearly over the distance from the surface and extends over 200 μm. The excess profile is only kinetically stable and relaxes to a completely mixed state over 10⁴ s. All results can be explained by hydrodynamic theory based on a solvent flow along the network segment, whose property is similar to the spreading of a liquid droplet on a completely wet surface. The strength of the flow is determined by a balance between the spreading <i>p</i>-xylene flux from the adsorbed layer and the outward <i>p</i>-xylene diffusion into the surrounding medium

Regulated Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of a Polytopic Protein: p97 RECRUITS PROTEASOMES TO Insig-1 BEFORE EXTRACTION FROM MEMBRANES*

Polytopic membrane proteins subjected to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated degradation are extracted from membranes and targeted to proteasomes for destruction. The extraction mechanism is poorly understood. One polytopic ER protein subjected to ER-associated degradation is Insig-1, a negative regulator of cholesterol synthesis. Insig-1 is rapidly degraded by proteasomes when cells are depleted of cholesterol, and its degradation is inhibited when sterols accumulate in cells. Insig-2, a functional homologue of Insig-1, is degraded slowly, and its degradation is not regulated by sterols. Here, we report that a single amino acid substitution in Insig-2, Insig-2(L210A), causes Insig-2 to be degraded in an accelerated and sterol-regulated manner similar to Insig-1. In seeking an explanation for the accelerated degradation, we found that proteasomes bind to wild type Insig-1 and mutant Insig-2(L210A) but not to wild type Insig-2, whereas the proteins are still embedded in cell membranes. This binding depends on at least two factors, ubiquitination of Insig and association with the ATPase p97/VCP complex. These data suggest that p97 recruits proteasomes to polytopic ER proteins even before they are extracted from membranes