Conductive inks for inkjet printing based on composition of nanoparticles and organic silver salt

In this article, conductive inks for inkjet printing with high content of silver nanoparticles with the addition of organic silver salt and polymer additives are developed and investigated. Silver nanoparticles are shown to be stably dispersed in a solvent and the presence of a silver salt and a polymeric surfactant ensures the viscosity necessary for printing. A print of test images is performed using a laboratory inkjet printer equipped with an industrial small-droplet printhead followed by annealing of printed patterns at 150–250°C, and their structural and electrical properties are investigated. Simultaneous presence of polymer additives and silver salt is found to influence the structure of the forming conductive layer and the conducting properties

Characterization and Growth Mechanism of Nickel Nanowires Resulting from Reduction of Nickel Formate in Polyol Medium

Nickel linear nanostructures were synthesized by reduction of nickel formate with hydrazine hydrate in ethylene glycol medium in the absence of any surfactants or capping agents for direction of the particles growth. The effect of the synthesis conditions such as temperature, reduction time, type of polyol, and nickel formate concentration on the reduction products was studied. The size and morphology of the nickel nanowires were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. It was shown that the nickel nanocrystallites were wire-shaped with a face-center-cubic phase. Ethylene glycol was found to play a crucial role in the formation of the nickel nanowires. The possible growth processes of the wire-shaped particles taking place at 110 and 130°C are discussed. It was shown that, under certain synthesis conditions, nickel nanowires grow on the surface of the crystals of the solid intermediate of nickel with hydrazine hydrate

Counterfactual Analysis of the Efficiency of Decontamination of Livestock Production Organic Wastes

Introduction. The implementation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation is aimed at ensuring the food security of the country and requires the industrialization of the agro-industrial sector. The effectiveness of industrialization depends on the use of automated, intelligent solutions at all stages of implementing technological processes. Livestock is an agro-industrial sector generating the largest amount of organic waste materials, which are potential energy carriers: litter, liquid manure, process effluents, etc. According to the data from the Russian Statistics Committee and the research results, the annual volume of manure generated from farms is from 43.3 to 45.1 million tons, while there is an upward trend. The used energy potential from the entire volume does not exceed 40%. It is possible to increase the efficiency of using the energy potential of organic animal waste materials through implementing digitalized solutions. A strategic tool for the effective industrialization of livestock is the implementation of application software products that ensure the growth of ecological and energy effects. Aim of the Article. The aim of the study is a counterfactual evaluation of the efficiency of the model for decontaminating liquid pig manure in the decontamination activator. Materials and Methods. Counterfactual analysis is a tool for formalizing complex, multifactorial processes to ensure their subsequent digitalization. The essence of the analysis consists in a “surveyˮ of the analyzed model through which the values of variables are determined providing changes that lead to a deviation of the response beyond the boundary conditions during interpretation. The advantage of counterfactual analysis is the stability and transparency of the model to external influences during machine learning. It is known that the representative pathogenic markers of the decontamination efficiency of liquid pig manure are helminth eggs and the number of colony-forming units of common coliform bacteria (CFU CCB). However, for testing and implementing an algorithm for counterfactual analysis of a mathematical model, it is acceptable to use the number of CFU CCB. The object of the study was liquid pig manure with a humidity from 88% to 98%, the subject was a counterfactual analysis of the dependence of the number of CFU CCB on the exposure time in the activator, the concentration of active chlorine, the mass of working bodies, magnetic induction, and liquid manure humidity. Results. The results of counterfactual evaluation and analysis carried with the use of the Python programming language and the PyCharm 2022.2 environment are presented in the tables. The counterfactual evaluation made it possible to identify ranges of variation of factors, the use of which can represent the potential of boundary conditions in solving the optimization problem. The cells of these values are highlighted in grey-blue. The most preferred ranges based on counterfactual evaluation are in the cells highlighted in green. Discussion and Conclusions. There has been substantiated the prospects of using active chlorine in combination with the influence of ferromagnetic working bodies moving in an alternating rotating electromagnetic field as a decontamination activator. On the basis of counterfactual evaluation it was established that the most significant factors for determining the efficiency of decontamination of liquid pig manure by the number of CFU CCB are: magnetic induction in the working zone of the activator inductor, active chlorine concentration and exposure time

Obtaining of Bismuth Citrates by Precipitation from Nitric Acid Solutions

Методами рентгенофазового анализа, электронной микроскопии и химического анализа исследовано осаждение цитратов висмута из азотнокислых растворов при добавлении к ним растворов лимонной кислоты или трехзамещенного цитрата натрия, а также взаимодействие твердых оксогидроксонитратов висмута составов [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·4H2O, [Bi6O5(OH3)](NO3)5·3H2O и [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·H2O с водными растворами лимонной кислоты. Определены условия образования соединений состава BiC6H5O7, BiОC6H7O7·H2O и Bi6(OH)6(C6H5O7)4·6H2O при осаждении висмута из азотнокислых растворов. Установлено, что цитрат висмута состава BiC6H5O7 высокой чистоты из висмутсодержащих азотнокислых растворов целесообразно получать путем осаждения висмута в виде оксогидроксонитратов состава [Bi6O4(OH)3](NO3)5·3H2O или [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·H2O и дальнейшего перевода их в цитрат висмута обработкой водным раствором лимонной кислотыThe precipitation of bismuth citrates from nitric acid solutions by the addition of citric acid or trisodium citrate solution, as well as the interaction of solid bismuth oxohydroxonitrates [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·4H2O, [Bi6O5(OH3)](NO3)5·3H2O and [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·H2O with aqueous solutions of citric acid was investigated using the methods X-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy and chemical analysis. The conditions for the formation of compounds compositions of BiC6H5O7, BiОC6H7O7·H2O and Bi6(OH)6(C6H5O7)4·6H2O were determined. It has been found that high purity bismuth citrate composition of BiC6H5O7 is expediently obtained from bismuth nitrate solutions by bismuth precipitating in the form of bismuth oxohydroxonitrate of the compositions [Bi6O4(OH)3](NO3)5·3H2O or [Bi6O4(OH)4](NO3)6·H2O and its converting to bismuth citrate by treatment with citric acid aqueous solutio