英国における日本語教育の再考―異文化理解をめぐる学習者及び日本語教師の意識調査から = Revisiting Japanese Language Education in the UK: A survey on learners’ and teachers’ perceptions regarding intercultural understanding

世界のグローバル化に伴い、以前にも増して異なる文化や価値観を持つ人々が共生するようになり、外国 語教育では単に言語を的確に使えるだけではなく、相手の文化を理解し、自己の文化との違いを受け入れる能力、つまり異文化間コミュニケーション能力（intercultural communicative competence, ICC）が求められるようになった（Byram et al. 2013）。英国の高等教育においても、人の移動が頻繁になりかつ世界情勢が不安定な中にあって、異文化に対する寛容性や関心の高い人材を育てるための教育がますます強く望まれるようになった（Bothwell 2016）。しかし、言語教育の実践では、未だに言語とコミュニケーションを中心とした授業が行われている場合が多い（Byram et al. 2013）。また、異文化間能力（intercultural competence, IC）は必ずしも自然に身につくわけではないとも言われており、意識的なトレーニングの必要性が唱えられている（Behrnd & Porzelt 2012)。本発表は、英国の日本語教育の現場においてどの程度 IC 及び ICC の養成が意識されているかに関する基礎的調査の報告である。英国で活躍している日本語教師（n=34）と日本語を専攻し、日本に留学した経験のある大学学部生（n=38）に彼らの動機や異文化理解に関する意識、日本語教師または話者としての社会的貢献について、オンラインアンケートを行い、詳細な記述を求めた。Byram（1997）の ICC モデルに照らし合わせて学生回答者のコメントを分析した結果、全体として“critical cultural awareness”の不足が目立った。自らを異文化に対する寛容性が高いと評価した学生が多かったものの、その根拠として挙げられた理由からは、異文化理解への自己認識にかなりの差が見られた。また、英国の大学の「多文化コミュニティー」としての側面に対する認識が高いとはいえないことが窺えた。一方教師は、英国の大学の「多文化コミュニティー」としての側面に対する認識は高く、日本語教育の実践の場が、異文化理解能力開発のために有益な教育効果をもたらすことを十分理解していることがデータから観察された。しかし、「多言語多文化社会を意識した教育を行っているか」という問いに対しては、具体的な教育実践に言及した回答が少なく、日本文化について紹介する際に自己の文化と照らし合わせて話し合う程度で IC 及び ICC の養成がカリキュラムに含まれている場合は少ないことが分かった。つまり、教師のビリーフと実践の間には乖離が見られた。以上の結果を踏まえ、英国における日本語教育の現場で IC 及び ICC を高めるために何ができるかを考えたい。= With the advance of globalisation we are living in an increasingly diverse society where people with different cultures and values coexist. Foreign language education has also taken a ‘cultural turn’ (Byram et al. 2013) by which, in addition to learning to use the target language accurately and appropriately, gaining intercultural communicative competence (ICC), i.e., understanding and accepting other cultures, has become a central theme. In the age of international mobility and instability, it became required in higher education in the UK to train students to be tolerant and be interested in other cultures (Bothwell 2016). In reality, however, language and communication continue to be the main focus in many language classrooms and ICC has not been integrated as one of the learning objectives (Byram et al. 2013). Studies have also shown that intercultural competence (IC) does not always develop naturally through the experience of studying abroad, and suggest the need for intercultural training prior to studying abroad (Behrnd & Porzelt 2012). This study is a fundamental research on the awareness of IC and ICC in Japanese Language education in the UK. An online questionnaire was administered to each group. The questions focused on their motives for teaching or learning Japanese, how they perceived IC and ICC and what they thought their contribution to society was. Some questions asked the participants to explain in detail and a total of 34 teachers and 38 university students, who are majoring in Japanese and have studied abroad in Japan, participated. The results from analysing the student questionnaire using Byram’s ICC Model (1997) showed that in general many of the students lacked “critical cultural awareness”. Although many of them thought that they were tolerant to other cultures, there was a big difference in their self-awareness to IC. The results also showed that many of the students did not recognize British Universities as a ‘multicultural society’. The results from analysing the teacher questionnaire showed that many recognized British Universities as a ‘multicultural society’ and fully understood that the classrooms of Japanese language education could improve IC and ICC effectively. However, to the question, ‘Are you teaching students to have an awareness of our multilingual or multicultural society?’ only a few teachers provided concrete examples of IC and ICC related teaching, and few curricula included the training of IC and ICC. That is, there was a separation of teachers’ belief and actual teaching. Based on the results above, we would like to consider what we can do in order to improve IC and ICC for Japanese language education in the UK

現在の英語カリキュラムと新入生の学習者ビリーフに基づく発展的提案

In order to provide students with good teaching, the curriculum needs to be reviewed and revised periodically. Even minor changes can be of benefit. To prepare a better curriculum for students, teachers should know students’ needs and wants. In this report, the present English curriculum at Okayama Prefectural University is described. The present curriculum aims to improve students’ four skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing in addition to increasing vocabulary and grammar knowledge. Then, the results of a survey on 2018 first-year students’ beliefs regarding learning English are reported. Students’ beliefs include attitude toward English learning, motivation, anxiety, and expectation. Last, based on the results of the survey, the strengths and weaknesses of the present curriculum are discussed.平成30年度に実施された英語カリキュラムを説明し、平成30年度入学生の入学直後の学習者ビリーフ（学習への期待、意欲、不安など）を調査した。調査の結果、3つの学部から構成される岡山県立大学は、学部ごとに、学習者ビリーフが大きく異なることが明らかになった。語学教育推進室は、全学を対象とした統一英語カリキュラムを実施しているが、学部ごとに、学生のニーズに合わせた英語カリキュラムを工夫していく必要がある

A Comparative Study on the Evaluation of Educational Materials for Appropriate Stoma Care Appliance Selection Based on Patient Conditions

Division of Nursing, University Hospital, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineSchool of Nursing, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineBackgroundPoor stoma management can reduce a patient’s quality of life. Therefore, nurses should have the knowledge on how to provide appropriate stoma care.AimsWe aimed to evaluate educational materials developed based on the results of a survey conducted among nurses.MethodsFirst, a first survey was conducted among 12 nurses to analyze their knowledge on stoma care. Next, a workshop using educational materials developed based on the results of the first survey was conducted. Subsequently, a second survey was performed after six months to evaluate the effectiveness of these educational materials.FindingsThe results of the first survey showed the areas where nurses lacked knowledge. Meanwhile, the results of the second survey demonstrated that images and photographs enhanced the learning effect of these educational materials.ConclusionThe use of educational materials developed based on survey results and provision of learning opportunities improved nurses’ stoma care knowledge

Identification of candidate molecular targets of the novel antineoplastic antimitotic NP-10

We previously reported the identification of a novel antimitotic agent with carbazole and benzohydrazide structures: N′-[(9-ethyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene]-2-iodobenzohydrazide (code number NP-10). However, the mechanism(s) underlying the cancer cell-selective inhibition of mitotic progression by NP-10 remains unclear. Here, we identified NP-10-interacting proteins by affinity purification from HeLa cell lysates using NP-10-immobilized beads followed by mass spectrometry. The results showed that several mitosis-associated factors specifically bind to active NP-10, but not to an inactive NP-10 derivative. Among them, NUP155 and importin β may be involved in NP-10-mediated mitotic arrest. Because NP-10 did not show antitumor activity in vivo in a previous study, we synthesized 19 NP-10 derivatives to identify more effective NP-10-related compounds. HMI83-2, an NP-10-related compound with a Cl moiety, inhibited HCT116 cell tumor formation in nude mice without significant loss of body weight, suggesting that HMI83-2 is a promising lead compound for the development of novel antimitotic agents

Gingival bleeding and pocket depth among smokers and the related changes after short-term smoking cessation

Background: Smoking is associated with the deteriorating health of the gingiva and periodontium. The long-term beneficial effects of smoking cessation on oral health are well known. However, the effects of short-term smoking cessation on gingival bleeding and periodontal pocket depth are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of short-term smoking cessation on gingival bleeding and periodontal pocket depth. Methods: Dentate smokers with a mean age of 56.9 ± 14.4 years at an outpatient smoking cessation clinic participated in this study. A professional dentist checked the periodontal pocket depth and gingival bleeding. Patients visited the smoking cessation clinic on their first visit and 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks (three months). The gingival assessment was re-performed in those who succeeded in smoking cessation 3 months after the baseline. Results: The baseline data of 83 patients showed that an increase in pocket depth was associated with increasing age and the amount of smoking. A significant increase in gingival bleeding (p = .031) and increase in pocket depth (p = .046) were observed 3 months after the baseline in patients who successfully quit smoking (n = 14). Conclusion: Short-term smoking cessation increased periodontal pocket depth and gingival bleeding. These findings may reflect healing processes that occur in the healthy gingiva. Implications: Study findings will be useful to advise patients during smoking cessation programs. Dentists can inform patients that an initial increase in gingival bleeding and pocket depth could be associated with smoking cessation. Such advice will prevent patients from any apprehension that may cause them to recommence smoking

Day Surgery ヒガエリ シュジュツ ノ ゲンジョウ

From May 1999, the Day Surgery for the operations of inguinal hernia, cholecystolithiasis and benign thyroid tumor were introduced in our department. Twenty nine patients (5 inguinal hernia repairs in children, 11 tension free inguinal hernia repairs in adults, 8 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, 3 extirpations of benign thyroid tumors, 1 extirpation of giant breast tumor, 1 extirpation of skin tumor in child) were attempted to put the Day Surgery into practice. 2 cases (one : inguinal hernia of child, another inguinal hernia of adult) were not successful because of postoperative complications like wound pain. The day surgery for 27 cases were successfully carried out. As the Day Surgery has benefits of cutting down on expenses, saving time and reducing mental fatigue, the feelings of satisfaction of all of these patients were remarkably high. The system of the Day Surgery was almost established in our department , so we actively would like to extend the kinds of operations suitable for the Day Surgery

Current status of a helicopter transportation system on remote islands for patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy

Background: Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) is standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large-vessel occlusion within 6 h of symptom onset to treatment initiation (OTP). Recent trials have extended the therapeutic time window for MT to within 24 h. However, MT treatment remains low in remote areas. Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan has many inhabited islands with no neurointerventionalists. Our hospital on the mainland is a regional hub for eight island hospitals. We evaluated clinical outcomes of MT for patients with AIS on these islands versus on the mainland. Methods: During 2014–2019, we reviewed consecutive patients with AIS who received MT at our hospital. Patients comprised the Islands group and Mainland group. Patient characteristics and clinical outcomes were compared between groups. Results: We included 91 patients (Islands group: 15 patients, Mainland group: 76 patients). Seven patients (46.7%) in the Islands group versus 43 (56.6%) in the Mainland group achieved favorable outcomes. Successful recanalization was obtained in 11 patients (73.3%) on the islands and 67 (88.2%) on the mainland. The median OTP time in the Islands was 365 min. In both the Islands and Mainland groups, the OTP time and successful recanalization were associated with functional outcome. The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days ≤2 was obtained in two patients and mRS = 3 in four patients among eight patients with OTP time >6 h. Conclusions: Few patients with AIS on remote islands have received MT. Although patients who underwent MT on the islands had longer OTP, the clinical outcomes were acceptable. OTP time on remote islands must be shortened, as this is related to functional outcome. In some cases with successful recanalization, a favorable outcome can still be obtained even after 6 h. Even if OTP exceeds 6 h, it is desirable to appropriately select patients and actively perform MT

Automatiserad testning av digitala lås

Testsystem är en stor del i dagen samhälle. Att testa en produkt är viktigt för att se hur länge den håller, extra viktigt att testa produkter är det när produkterna ska användas till välfärdsteknologi oche-hälsa då tekniken ska användas i människors vardag. Phoniro utvecklar produkter och tjänster inom välfärdsteknologi och e-hälsa. Exempel på produkt som tillverkas på Phoniro är digitala lås där testningen främst består av mjukvarutester under förhållanden där en verklig aspekt på användning av produkten är önskad men inte är medräknad. Därför vill Phoniro ha en automatiserad testmaskin som på ett mer korrekt sätt återspeglar verkligheten. Målet med projektet var att testa digitala lås där verklig aspekt på användning av produkten ärmedräknad. Det beslutades att göra en testmaskin som skulle innehålla en räknare för att se hur länge testet har körts och sensorer som ska känna av om något havererar. En testmaskin har tillverkats som kan testa det digitala låset. En räknare visar hur många gånger den har öppnat låset. Testmaskinen stannar om något havererat. Målen men projektet har uppnåtts, erfarenheter projektet har gett är praktiska och teoretiska kunskaper om processen att bygga upp ett testsystem

Automatiserad testning av digitala lås

Testsystem är en stor del i dagen samhälle. Att testa en produkt är viktigt för att se hur länge den håller, extra viktigt att testa produkter är det när produkterna ska användas till välfärdsteknologi oche-hälsa då tekniken ska användas i människors vardag. Phoniro utvecklar produkter och tjänster inom välfärdsteknologi och e-hälsa. Exempel på produkt som tillverkas på Phoniro är digitala lås där testningen främst består av mjukvarutester under förhållanden där en verklig aspekt på användning av produkten är önskad men inte är medräknad. Därför vill Phoniro ha en automatiserad testmaskin som på ett mer korrekt sätt återspeglar verkligheten. Målet med projektet var att testa digitala lås där verklig aspekt på användning av produkten ärmedräknad. Det beslutades att göra en testmaskin som skulle innehålla en räknare för att se hur länge testet har körts och sensorer som ska känna av om något havererar. En testmaskin har tillverkats som kan testa det digitala låset. En räknare visar hur många gånger den har öppnat låset. Testmaskinen stannar om något havererat. Målen men projektet har uppnåtts, erfarenheter projektet har gett är praktiska och teoretiska kunskaper om processen att bygga upp ett testsystem