Characterization of char from high temperature fluidized bed coal pyrolysis in complex atmospheres

The physiochemical properties of chars produced by coal pyrolysis in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor with a continuous coal feed and char discharge at temperatures of 750 to 980 degrees C under N-2-based atmospheres containing O-2, H-2, CO, CH4, and CO2 were studied. The specific surface area of the char was found to decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The interlayer spacing of the char also decreased, while the average stacking height and carbon crystal size increased at higher temperatures, suggesting that the char generated at high temperatures had a highly ordered structure. The char obtained using an ER value of 0.064 exhibited the highest specific surface area and oxidation reactivity. Relatively high O-2 concentrations degraded the pore structure of the char, decreasing the surface area. The char produced in an atmosphere incorporating H-2 showed a more condensed crystalline structure and consequently had lower oxidation reactivity. (C) 2015 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.orgilicenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).</p

Characterization of char from high temperature fluidized bed coal pyrolysis in complex atmospheres

The physiochemical properties of chars produced by coal pyrolysis in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor with a continuous coal feed and char discharge at temperatures of 750 to 980 degrees C under N-2-based atmospheres containing O-2, H-2, CO, CH4, and CO2 were studied. The specific surface area of the char was found to decrease with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The interlayer spacing of the char also decreased, while the average stacking height and carbon crystal size increased at higher temperatures, suggesting that the char generated at high temperatures had a highly ordered structure. The char obtained using an ER value of 0.064 exhibited the highest specific surface area and oxidation reactivity. Relatively high O-2 concentrations degraded the pore structure of the char, decreasing the surface area. The char produced in an atmosphere incorporating H-2 showed a more condensed crystalline structure and consequently had lower oxidation reactivity. (C) 2015 Chinese Society of Particuology and Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.orgilicenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

A Co\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3eO\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e nano-needle mesh for highly efficient, high-flux emulsion separation

A Co3O4 nano-needle steel mesh was prepared by a facile hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent calcination method. The mesh is superhydrophilic in air and superoleophobic low-adhesive underwater. More importantly, the mesh exhibits outstanding chemical stability even in strongly basic and high-concentration salt solutions, which accomplishes the separation of alkaline and saline oil-in-water emulsions with high efficiency (above 99%) and high flux (2000 L m−2 h−1)

Table_1_Associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic liver diseases: evidence from a Mendelian ranldomization study in Europeans and East Asians.xlsx

ObjectiveMultiple observational studies have demonstrated an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic liver diseases (CLDs). However, the causality of T2DM on CLDs remained unknown in various ethnic groups.MethodsWe obtained instrumental variables for T2DM and conducted a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine the causal effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), viral hepatitis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection risk in Europeans and East Asians. The primary analysis utilized the inverse variance weighting (IVW) technique to evaluate the causal relationship between T2DM and CLDs. In addition, we conducted a series of rigorous analyses to bolster the reliability of our MR results.ResultsIn Europeans, we found that genetic liability to T2DM has been linked with increased risk of NAFLD (IVW : OR =1.3654, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2250-1.5219, p=1.85e-8), viral hepatitis (IVW : OR =1.1173, 95%CI, 1.0271-1.2154, p=0.0098), and a suggestive positive association between T2DM and HCC (IVW : OR=1.2671, 95%CI, 1.0471-1.5333, p=0.0150), HBV (IVW : OR=1.1908, 95% CI, 1.0368-1.3677, p=0.0134). No causal association between T2DM and HCV was discovered. Among East Asians, however, there was a significant inverse association between T2DM and the proxies of NAFLD (ALT: IVW OR=0.9752, 95%CI 0.9597-0.9909, p=0.0021; AST: IVW OR=0.9673, 95%CI, 0.9528-0.9821, p=1.67e-5), and HCV (IVW: OR=0.9289, 95%CI, 0.8852-0.9747, p=0.0027). Notably, no causal association was found between T2DM and HCC, viral hepatitis, or HBV.ConclusionOur MR analysis revealed varying causal associations between T2DM and CLDs in East Asians and Europeans. Further research is required to investigate the potential mechanisms in various ethnic groups, which could yield new insights into early screening and prevention strategies for CLDs in T2DM patients.</p

Image_1_Associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic liver diseases: evidence from a Mendelian ranldomization study in Europeans and East Asians.pdf

ObjectiveMultiple observational studies have demonstrated an association between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic liver diseases (CLDs). However, the causality of T2DM on CLDs remained unknown in various ethnic groups.MethodsWe obtained instrumental variables for T2DM and conducted a two-sample mendelian randomization (MR) study to examine the causal effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), viral hepatitis, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection risk in Europeans and East Asians. The primary analysis utilized the inverse variance weighting (IVW) technique to evaluate the causal relationship between T2DM and CLDs. In addition, we conducted a series of rigorous analyses to bolster the reliability of our MR results.ResultsIn Europeans, we found that genetic liability to T2DM has been linked with increased risk of NAFLD (IVW : OR =1.3654, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2250-1.5219, p=1.85e-8), viral hepatitis (IVW : OR =1.1173, 95%CI, 1.0271-1.2154, p=0.0098), and a suggestive positive association between T2DM and HCC (IVW : OR=1.2671, 95%CI, 1.0471-1.5333, p=0.0150), HBV (IVW : OR=1.1908, 95% CI, 1.0368-1.3677, p=0.0134). No causal association between T2DM and HCV was discovered. Among East Asians, however, there was a significant inverse association between T2DM and the proxies of NAFLD (ALT: IVW OR=0.9752, 95%CI 0.9597-0.9909, p=0.0021; AST: IVW OR=0.9673, 95%CI, 0.9528-0.9821, p=1.67e-5), and HCV (IVW: OR=0.9289, 95%CI, 0.8852-0.9747, p=0.0027). Notably, no causal association was found between T2DM and HCC, viral hepatitis, or HBV.ConclusionOur MR analysis revealed varying causal associations between T2DM and CLDs in East Asians and Europeans. Further research is required to investigate the potential mechanisms in various ethnic groups, which could yield new insights into early screening and prevention strategies for CLDs in T2DM patients.</p