Publisher Correction: Copper adparticle enabled selective electrosynthesis of n-propanol.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper

Calcium release through P2X4 activates calmodulin to promote endolysosomal membrane fusion

Intra-endolysosomal Ca(2+) release is required for endolysosomal membrane fusion with intracellular organelles. However, the molecular mechanisms for intra-endolysosomal Ca(2+) release and the downstream Ca(2+) targets involved in the fusion remain elusive. Previously, we demonstrated that endolysosomal P2X4 forms channels activated by luminal adenosine triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner. In this paper, we show that overexpression of P2X4, as well as increasing endolysosomal P2X4 activity by alkalinization of endolysosome lumen, promoted vacuole enlargement in cells and endolysosome fusion in a cell-free assay. These effects were prevented by inhibiting P2X4, expressing a dominant-negative P2X4 mutant, and disrupting the P2X4 gene. We further show that P2X4 and calmodulin (CaM) form a complex at endolysosomal membrane where P2X4 activation recruits CaM to promote fusion and vacuolation in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. Moreover, P2X4 activation-triggered fusion and vacuolation were suppressed by inhibiting CaM. Our data thus suggest a new molecular mechanism for endolysosomal membrane fusion involving P2X4-mediated endolysosomal Ca(2+) release and subsequent CaM activation

P2X4 forms functional ATP-activated cation channels on lysosomal membranes regulated by luminal pH.

P2X receptors are commonly known as plasma membrane cation channels involved in a wide variety of cell functions. The properties of these channels have been extensively studied on the plasma membrane. However, studies in amoeba suggest that P2X receptors are also present intracellularly and involved in vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Recently, it was shown that in addition to plasma membrane expression, mammalian P2X4 was also localized intracellularly in lysosomes. However, it was not clear whether the lysosomal P2X4 receptors function as channels and how they are activated and regulated. In this paper, we show that both P2X4 and its natural ligand, ATP, are enriched in lysosomes of COS1 and HEK293 cells. By directly recording membrane currents from enlarged lysosomal vacuoles, we demonstrated that lysosomal P2X4 formed channels activated by ATP from the luminal side in a pH-dependent manner. While the acidic pH at the luminal side inhibited P2X4 activity, increasing the luminal pH in the presence of ATP caused P2X4 activation. We further showed that, as for the plasma membrane P2X4, the lysosomal P2X4 was potentiated by ivermectin but insensitive to suramin and PPADS, and it permeated the large cation N-methyl-d-glucamine upon activation. Our data suggest that P2X4 forms functional ATP-activated cation channels on lysosomal membranes regulated by luminal pH. Together with the reported fusion effect of intracellular P2X in lower organisms, we speculate that the lysosome-localized P2X4 may play specific roles in membrane trafficking of acidic organelles in mammalian cells

Association of gestational age at birth with subsequent suspected Developmental Coordination Disorder in early childhood

Importance. It remains unknown whether children born at different degrees of prematurity, early-term and post-term might have a higher risk of developing Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) compared to completely full-term children (39-40 gestational weeks). Objective. To differentiate between suspected DCD in children with different gestational ages based on a national representative sample in China. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a retrospective cohort study in China from 2018 to 2019. A total of 152,433 children from 2,403 public kindergartens in 551 cities of China aged 3-5 years old were included in the final analysis. The association between gestational age and motor performance was investigated. A multi-level regression model was developed to determine the strength of association for different gestational ages associated with suspected DCD when considering kindergartens as clusters. Main outcomes and measures. Children’s motor performance was assessed using the Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (LDCDQ), completed by parents. Gestational age was determined according to the mother’s medical records. Results. Of the 152,433 children aged 3-5 years old, 80,370 (52.7%) were male, and 72,063 (47.3%) were female. There were 45,052 children aged 3 years old (29.6%), 59,796 aged 4 years old(39.2%), and 47,585 children aged 5 years old (31.2%). The LDCDQ total scores for very-preterm (β=-1.74, 95%CI: -1.98, 1.50; p<0.001), moderately-preterm (β=-1.24, 95%CI: -1.60, -0.89; p<0.001), late-preterm (β=-0.92, 95%CI: -1.08, -0.76; p<0.001), early-term (β=-0.36, 95%CI: -0.46, -0.25; p<0.001) and post-term children (β=-0.47, 95%CI: -0.67, -0.26; p<0.001) were significantly lower than full-term children when adjusting for child, family and maternal health characteristics. The very-preterm (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 1.23,1.48; p<0.001), moderately-preterm (OR=1.18, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.36; p<0.001), late-preterm (OR =1.24, 95%CI: 1.16,1.32; p<0.001), early-term (OR =1.11, 95%CI: 1.06,1.16; p<0.001) and post-term children (OR =1.167, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.27; p<0.001) were more likely to fall in the suspected Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) category on the LDCDQ compared with completely full-term children after adjusting for the same characteristics. The associations between different gestational ages and suspected DCD were stronger in boys and older (5 year old) children (each p<0.05). Conclusions and relevance. We found significant associations between every degree of prematurity at birth, early-term and post-term birth with suspected DCD when compared with full-term birth. Our findings have important implications for understanding motor development in children born at different gestational ages. Long-term follow-up and rehabilitation interventions should be considered for early- and post-term born children

Synchronization of Chaotic Systems with Decomposition Method

This paper designs four simple adaptive feedback controllers for chaos synchronization with linear–nonlinear decomposition method. Synchronization of two identical chaotic systems is realized by designed controller; Synchronization of two different chaotic systems is also realized, and the proposed method is simple and robust. Numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of this method

Analysis for Ad Hoc Network Attack-Defense Based on Stochastic Game Model

The attack actions analysis for Ad Hoc networks can provide a reference for the design security mechanisms. This paper presents an analysis method of security of Ad Hoc networks based on Stochastic Game Nets (SGN). This method can establish a SGN model of Ad Hoc networks and calculate to get the Nash equilibrium strategy. After transforming the SGN model into a continuous-time Markov Chain (CTMC), the security of Ad Hoc networks can be evaluated and analyzed quantitatively by calculating the stationary probability of CTMC. Finally, the Matlab simulation results show that the probability of successful attack is related to the attack intensity and expected payoffs, but not attack rate

Evolutionary Game-Based Trust Strategy Adjustment among Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide network services through the cooperation of sensor nodes, while the basis of cooperation depends on the trust relationships among the nodes. In this paper, we construct an evolutionary game-based trust strategy model among the nodes in WSNs, and we subsequently introduce a strategy adjustment mechanism into the process of game evolution to make up for the deficiency that the replicator dynamic model cannot reflect the requirement of individual strategy adjustments. Afterward, we derive theorems and inferences in terms of the evolutionary stable state through dynamic analyses, providing a theoretical basis for WSN trust management. Furthermore, we verify the theorems and inferences with different parameter values, especially the trust incentive and the upper limit of data retransmission after packets are lost, and both of them are closely related to the evolutionary stable state. The experiments demonstrated that, under certain conditions, the involved nodes can finally reach a stable state of the system by constantly adjusting their trust strategy. At the same time, the speed of evolution of our strategy adjustment mechanism in achieving the stable state is much faster than that of the usual replicator dynamic evolution method

Subthreshold Delay Variation Model Considering Transitional Region for Input Slew

Subthreshold design provides the promising advantage of low power consumption at the cost of performance variation and even circuit failure. An accurate and efficient statistical timing model is crucial for timing analysis and performance optimization guidance. Prior works lack the consideration of the impact of slew time or the transitional region for input slew due to process variation and efficient approaches considering the impact of load capacitance and multiple process variations in complex gates, resulting in accuracy loss. In this work, an accurate end efficient gate delay variation model is analytically derived for various input slews and load capacitances. The transitional region between fast and slow input slew is efficiently partitioned with an adaptive error tolerance method so as to characterize timing variation by linear interpolation based on that for fast and slow input slew. In order to consider the impact of load capacitance, the relation between the sensitivity of step delay and the dominant threshold voltage variation is analytically derived. For complex gates, the multiple process variations for both parallel and stacking structures are equivalently expressed by threshold voltage variation from each transistor. The proposed model has been validated under advanced TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company) 12 nm technology at subthreshold region and achieves excellent agreement with Monte Carlo SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulation results with the max error less than 6.49% for standard deviation of gate delay and 4.63%/6.40% for max/min delay, demonstrating over 4 times precision improvement compared with competitive analytical models

Nodes Availability Analysis of NB-IoT Based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks under Malware Infection

The Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a main stream technology based on mobile communication system. The combination of NB-IoT and WSNs can active the application of WSNs. In order to evaluate the influence of node heterogeneity on malware propagation in NB-IoT based Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks, we propose a node heterogeneity model based on node distribution and vulnerability differences, which can be used to analyze the availability of nodes. We then establish the node state transition model by epidemic theory and Markov chain. Further, we obtain the dynamic equations of the transition between nodes and the calculation formula of node availability. The simulation result is that when the degree of node is small and the node vulnerability function is a power function, the node availability is the highest; when the degree of node is large and the node vulnerability function satisfies the exponential function and the power function, the node availability is high. Therefore, when constructing a NBIOT-HWSNs network, node protection is implemented according to the degree of node, so that when the node vulnerability function satisfies the power function, all nodes can maintain high availability, thus making the entire network more stable