China Business Perception Index

The Business Perception Index (BPI) has been developed to understand the Kenya-based Chinese companies' characteristics, to understand the business and investment climate faced by Chinese enterprises, and how these conditions affect productivity and growth of Chinese companies in Kenya. The BPI Survey-Kenya is a firm-level descriptive survey of Chinese private and state-owned enterprises in Kenya. The questionnaire includes the following ten major sections: basic firm characteristics, regulation and taxes, crime and safety, informality, gender, finance, infrastructure, trade, workforce, corruption and obstacles analysis. We reached out through email and telephone to 184 Chinese establishments in Kenya, and 75 companies accepted the survey

Electrolysis of metal oxides in MgCl2 based molten salts with an inert graphite anode

Eletrolysis of solid metal oxides has been demonstrated in MgCl2-NaCl-KCl melt at 700 oC taking the electrolysis of Ta2O5 as an example. Both the cathodic and anodic processes have been investigated using cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic and constant voltage electrolysis, with the cathodic products analysed by XRD, SEM and the anodic products by GC. Fast electrolysis of Ta2O5 against a graphite anode has been realized at a cell voltage of 2 V , or a total overpotential of about 400 mV. The energy consumption was about 1 kWh/kg-Ta with a nearly 100% Ta recovery. The cathodic product was nanometer Ta powder with sizes of about 50 nm. The main anodic product was Cl2 gas, together with about 1 mol% O2 gas and trace of CO. The graphite anode was found to be an excellent inert anode. These results promise an environment-friendly and energy efficient method for metal extraction by electrolysis of metal oxides in MgCl2 based molten salts

Seroprevalence Survey of Avian influenza A (H5) in wild migratory birds in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China

BACKGROUND: Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) is a highly contagious disease which is a zoonotic pathogen of significant economic and public health concern. The outbreaks caused by HPAIV H5N1 of Asian origin have caused animal and human disease and mortality in several countries of Southeast Asia, such as Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Viet Nam. For the first time since 1961, this HPAIV has also caused extensive mortality in wild birds and has sparked debate of the role wild birds have played in the spread of this virus. Other than confirmed mortality events, little is known of this virus in wild birds. There is no report on the seroprevalence of avian influenza H5 infection in wild migratory birds in Yunnan Province. In this study we examined live wild birds in Yunnan Province for H5 specific antibody to better understand the occurrence of this disease in free living birds. METHODS: Sera from 440 wild birds were collected from in Kunming and Northern Ailaoshan of Yunnan Province, Southwestern China, and assayed for H5 antibodies using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. RESULTS: The investigation revealed that the seroprevalence of avian influenza H5 was as following: Ciconiiformes 2.6%, Strigiformes 13.04%, Passeriformes 20%, Cuculiformes 21.74%, Gruiformes 0%, Columbiformes 0%, Charadriiformes 0% and Coraciiformes 0%. Statistical analyses showed that there was a significant difference of prevalence between the orders (P < 0.01). Specific avian influenza H5 antibodies were detected in 23 of 440 (5.23%) sera. Mean HI titer 23 positive sera against H5 were 5.4 log(2). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present survey indicated that the proportion of wild birds had previously infected AIV H5 at other times of the year. To our knowledge, this is the first seroprevalence report of avian influenza H5 infection in wild migratory birds in China’ s southwestern Yunnan Province. The results of the present survey have significant public health concerns

Environmental and energy gains from using molten magnesium-sodium-potassium chlorides for electro-metallisation of refractory metal oxides

© 2015 The Authors. The molten eutectic mixture of magnesium, sodium and potassium chlorides (MgCl2-NaCl-KCl) has inappreciable solubility for oxide ions, and can help disengage a carbon anode from the oxide ions generated at a metal oxide cathode, and effectively avoid carbon dioxide formation. This "disengaging strategy" was successfully demonstrated in electro-reduction of solid oxides of zirconium and tantalum. It has led to significantly higher current efficiency (93%), and lower energy consumption (1.4 kW h kg-1) in electrolysis of tantalum oxide to tantalum metal compared to the conventional electrolysis in molten calcium chloride (e.g. 78% and 2.4 kW h/kg-Ta)

A novel method for objectively, rapidly and accurately evaluating burn depth via near infrared spectroscopy

The accurate and objective evaluation of burn depth is a significant challenge in burn wound care. Herein, we used near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology to measure the different depth of thermal burns in ex vivo porcine models. Based on the intensity of the spectral signals and the diffuse reflection theory, we extracted the optical parameters involved in functional (total hemoglobin and water content) and structural (tissue scattered size and scattered particles) features that reflect the changes in burn depth. Next, we applied support vector regression to construct a model including the optical property parameters and the burn depth. Finally, we histologically verified the burn depth data collected via NIRS. The results showed that our inversion model could achieve an average relative error of about 7.63%, while the NIRS technology diagnostic accuracy was in the range of 50 μm. For the first time, this novel technique provides physicians with real-time burn depth information objectively and accurately

Variation in Contents of Iodine Species in Kelp during Blanching-Salting Process

In this study, the contents of four iodine forms, including iodide ion (I−), iodate (IO3−), mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and diiodotyrosine (DIT), were determined in the blanching water, rinsing water, saline water and processed kelp to study the dissolution patterns of iodine forms during the blanching, rinsing and salting of kelp. The I− contents in fresh, blanched, primarily rinsed and secondarily rinsed kelp were 1 689.41–8 753.24 mg/kg, and the contents of IO3− ranged from 42.67 to 442.00 mg/kg. The contents of MIT and DIT ranged from 698.22 to 861.90 mg/kg and 123.97 to 158.67 mg/kg, respectively. During the blanching process, the dissolution rates of I−, MIT and DIT were the highest, which were (64.38 ± 2.99)%, (19.35 ± 0.97)% and (6.55 ± 0.53)%, respectively. With increasing kelp addition, the contents of I−, MIT and DIT in the blanching, rinsing and saline water first increased and then leveled off, and the content of IO3− in all waters showed a monotonously increasing trend. With increasing number of kelp rinsed, the dissolution rate of I− decreased first and then basically remained unchanged. Compared with fresh kelp, the dissolution rate of I− in the first rinsed kelp decreased by (80.72 ± 2.66)%, and iodine was released into water mainly in the form of I−, with the maximum release being recorded during the blanching process

Examining the generalizability of research findings from archival data

This initiative examined systematically the extent to which a large set of archival research findings generalizes across contexts. We repeated the key analyses for 29 original strategic management effects in the same context (direct reproduction) as well as in 52 novel time periods and geographies; 45% of the reproductions returned results matching the original reports together with 55% of tests in different spans of years and 40% of tests in novel geographies. Some original findings were associated with multiple new tests. Reproducibility was the best predictor of generalizability—for the findings that proved directly reproducible, 84% emerged in other available time periods and 57% emerged in other geographies. Overall, only limited empirical evidence emerged for context sensitivity. In a forecasting survey, independent scientists were able to anticipate which effects would find support in tests in new samples