MANAGEMENT ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITIES EFFICIENCY IN THE RAILWAY ENTERPRISES

The article describes the development trend of environmental management systems in railway transport and the importance of the impact of transport factors to ensure ecological and economic security of the society. Development management instrumentation of processing of environmental systems in railway transport is aimed at maintaining the global interest in reducing pollution and possible damage of the environment to ensure ecological and economic security of the country. The main objective of the development of environmental management systems in railway transport should be inextricably linked with the main goal of the human ecology. The basis of the human ecology is to maintain equilibrium within humanity and the outside world and its environment. Improving environmental activities of the company is achieved by applying a systematic approach. The proposed criteria for evaluating the best project options and directions of improvement of greening the economy are the basis for the establishment of a mechanism of transition to sustainable development of railway industry. The authors of the analysis of ecological and economic indicators of the enterprises of the railway industry and ecological and economic assessment of investment in the environmental management system in railway transport from In the article the formation of approaches to environmental management decisions at the enterprises of the railway industry was substantiated.The article describes the development trend of environmental management systems in railway transport and the importance of the impact of transport factors to ensure ecological and economic security of the society. Development management instrumentation of processing of environmental systems in railway transport is aimed at maintaining the global interest in reducing pollution and possible damage of the environment to ensure ecological and economic security of the country. The main objective of the development of environmental management systems in railway transport should be inextricably linked with the main goal of the human ecology. The basis of the human ecology is to maintain equilibrium within humanity and the outside world and its environment. Improving environmental activities of the company is achieved by applying a systematic approach. The proposed criteria for evaluating the best project options and directions of improvement of greening the economy are the basis for the establishment of a mechanism of transition to sustainable development of railway industry. The authors of the analysis of ecological and economic indicators of the enterprises of the railway industry and ecological and economic assessment of investment in the environmental management system in railway transport from In the article the formation of approaches to environmental management decisions at the enterprises of the railway industry was substantiated

Extra Spin-Wave mode in Quantum Hall systems. Beyond the Skyrmion Limit

We report on the observation of a new spin mode in a quantum Hall system in the vicinity of odd electron filling factors under experimental conditions excluding the possibility of Skyrmion excitations. The new mode having presumably zero energy at odd filling factors emerges at small deviations from odd filling factors and couples to the spin-exciton. The existence of an extra spin mode assumes a nontrivial magnetic order at partial fillings of Landau levels surrounding quantum Hall ferromagnets other then the Skyrmion crystal.Comment: 9 pages, 4 figure

The Effect of Physical Aging on the Viscoelastoplastic Response of Glycol Modified Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

For most amorphous polymers, their long term viscoelastic behaviour is greatly affected by physical aging, referring to the transition of their non-equilibrium structure towards equilibrium. This, in turn, affects their thermomechanical properties. In this study, we successfully applied a constitutive model, originally developed for semi-crystalline polyesters to assess the impact of physical aging on stress relaxation and creep in two glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) grades, (poly(ethylene-co-1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate) (PECT) and poly(ethylene-co-2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol terephthalate) (PETT). Both copolyesters are subject to annealing at Tg-20 °C for up to 504 h and subsequent uniaxial stress relaxation tests and, for PECT, creep tests. The results show that the annealing time has a significant influence on the viscoelastic behaviour increasing the resistance to creep and stress relaxation. The effect of physical aging on model parameters is described and analysed while it is found that the concentration of active polymer junctions decreases exponentially with annealing time. Generally, PETT and PECT showed almost identical viscoelastic behaviours at 30 °C, suggesting that the chemical structure of the glycol unit (2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol and 1,4-cyclohexylenedimethanol) does not have significant effect on their viscoelasticity. However, when stress relaxation is tested at increased temperatures, the structural effects are more apparent, demonstrating higher activation energies for PECT than those for PETT, describing the rate of the rearrangement of interchain interactions. Physical aging is also found to decrease these activation energies from 326.6 to 128.1 kJ mol−1 for PECT and from 262.7 to 78.5 kJ mol−1 for PETT.</p

The influence of modification by superdispersed powders on the lead-tin-base bronze structure

The paper presents data on the influence of additives of the pre-treated aluminium oxide powder on the structure of cast lead-tin-based bronzes. Different quantities of the modifier, based on the superdispersed aluminum oxide powder, were added to the bronze melt. The studies have shown that addition of a small amount of aluminum oxide powder (0.07... 0.25 %) allows modifying the micro structure of the obtained castings. This modification includes grain refinement, reduction of the matrix dendrites size of tin solid solution in copper, as well as formation of spherical inclusions of the low-melting phase - lead. In this case, the addition of such modifier influences weakly the morphology and the quantity of solid eutectoid inclusions based on electron compound Cu[31] Sn[8]

Optical and photoelectrical properties of CdSxSe1–x films produced by screen-printing technology

In this paper the optical and photoelectrical properties of CdSxSe1–x films prepared using the screenprinting and sintering technique, were studied. CdCl2 was used both as a sintering flux and as a doping agent. CuCl was also used as a doping agent. The temperatures and times of preparation varied in the range of 500–600 °С and 5–60 min, respectively. The as-prepared films were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy, micro-probe X-Ray analysis, photoluminescence and photoconductance methods. Our investigations have shown that photoresponse of the CdSxSe1–x films prepared by a screenprinting method can be suitable for the production of large-area photosensitive devices

High-Energy Approach for Heavy-Ion Scattering with Excitations of Nuclear Collective States

A phenomenological optical potential is generalized to include the Coulomb and nuclear interactions caused by the dynamical deformation of its surface. In the high-energy approach analytical expressions for elastic and inelastic scattering amplitudes are obtained where all the orders in the deformation parameters are included. The multistep effect of the 2$^+$ rotational state excitation on elastic scattering is analyzed. Calculations of inelastic cross sections for the $^{17}$O ions scattered on different nuclei at about hundred Mev/nucleon are compared with experimental data, and important role of the Coulomb excitation is established.Comment: 9 pages; 3 figures. Submitted to the Physics of Atomic Nucle

Antiphased Cyclotron-Magnetoplasma Mode in a Quantum Hall System

An antiphased magnetoplasma (MP) mode in a two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has been studied by means of inelastic light scattering (ILS) spectroscopy. Unlike the cophased MP mode it is purely quantum excitation which has no classic plasma analogue. It is found that zero momentum degeneracy for the antiphased and cophased modes predicted by the first-order perturbation approach in terms of the {\it e-e} interaction is lifted. The zero momentum energy gap is determined by a negative correlation shift of the antiphased mode. This shift, observed experimentally and calculated theoretically within the second-order perturbation approach, is proportional to the effective Rydberg constant in a semiconductor material.Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Site-fidelity and spatial movements of western North Pacific gray whales on their summer range off Sakhalin, Russia

The Western North-Pacific (WNP) gray whale feeding grounds are off the northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island, Russia and is comprised of a nearshore and offshore component that can be distinguished by both depth and location. Spatial movements of gray whales within their foraging grounds were examined based on 13 years of opportunistic vessel and shore-based photo-identification surveys. Site fidelity was assessed by examining annual return and resighting rates. Lagged Identification Rates (LIR) analyses were conducted to estimate the residency and transitional movement patterns within the two components of their feeding grounds. In total 243 individuals were identified from 2002-2014, among these were 94 calves. The annual return rate over the period 2002-2014 was 72%, excluding 35 calves only seen one year. Approximately 20% of the individuals identified from 2002-2010 were seen every year after their initial sighting (including eight individuals that returned for 13 consecutive years). The majority (239) of the WNP whales were observed in the nearshore area while only half (122) were found in the deeper offshore area. Within a foraging season, there was a significantly higher probability of gray whales moving from the nearshore to the offshore area. No mother-calf pairs, calves or yearlings were observed in the offshore area, which was increasingly used by mature animals. The annual return rates, and population growth rates that are primarily a result of calf production with little evidence of immigration, suggest that this population is demographically self-contained and that both the nearshore and offshore Sakhalin feeding grounds are critically important areas for their summer annual foraging activities. The nearshore habitat is also important for mother-calf pairs, younger individuals, and recently weaned calves. Nearshore feeding could also be energetically less costly compared to foraging in the deeper offshore habitat and provide more protection from predators, such as killer whales

Debating capabilities of biochemical markers of liver function in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis

Introduction. The diagnosis of alcohol-related liver disease is limited by the lack of a tool to reliably identify whether the present deterioration in the patient’s condition is due to alcohol consumption or other causes.Purpose. to conduct a comparative assessment of the clinical and diagnostic significance of liver function biochemical indicators (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP) and their calculated derivatives (AST/ALT, GGT/ALP, GGT/GGTn, ALP/ALPn) as markers of alcohol consumption in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis.Material and methods. The observational study included 112 men over 18 years of age with alcohol-related liver cirrhosis. The patients were assessed the severity of liver cirrhosis according to the Child-Pugh scale, performed general and biochemical blood tests, coagulation test, assessment of the fact of alcohol consumption by the level of phosphatidylethanol. An analysis was made of the relationship between alcohol consumption and changes in laboratory parameters of liver function, with the determination of their sensitivity and specificity.Results. Patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis who consumed alcohol on phosphatidylethanol had higher levels of plasma albumin, GGT, and lower values of creatinine, direct and total bilirubin, urea, and aPTT compared with patients who did not drink alcohol (p &lt; 0.05). Alcohol-drinking patients with class C cirrhosis have higher ALT levels compared with abstinent patients with the same severity of cirrhosis (p &lt; 0.05). The relationship between the fact of alcohol consumption, determined by the level of phosphatidylethanol, and the ratio of GGT of patients to the normal GGT value, as well as between the ratio of GGT to alkaline phosphatase and the degree of increase in GGT, turned out to be statistically significant. To assess the fact of alcohol consumption, the level of serum GGT &gt; 65 IU/ l (75.5%) has the highest sensitivity, the highest specificity is the ratio of the patient’s GGT to the normal value of GGT &gt; 2 (82.9%).Conclusion. Compared with the known 100% sensitivity and &gt; 92% specificity of Peth as a alcohol biomarker, among the biochemical indicators of liver function and their calculated derivatives, GGT &gt; 65 IU/l have the greatest sensitivity or specificity (respectively, 75.5% and 65%) and GGTnorm. &gt; 2 (37.7% and 82.9%, respectively), which makes it possible to use the totality of these parameters as an indicator of the continued impact on the patient of the main etiological factor of alcohol-related liver cirrhosis in the routine practice of most medical organizations of the Russian Federation