Monitoramento da toxicidade genética associada aos dejetos industriais e urbanos em amostras de água do rio Caí através do Teste SMART

O rio Caí é utilizado como corpo hídrico recipiente de efluentes industriais e urbanos. Em função disto,foi utilizado o teste SMART para traçar um diagnóstico da genotoxicidade associada a este rio. As coletasforam realizadas nos meses de março, junho e setembro de 1999 em pontos sob influência industrial(km18,6 e km13,6) e urbana (km52, km78 e km80). Os pontos km 18,6 e km 13,6 foram caracterizadoscomo destituídos de ação genotóxica. Por outro lado, as amostras urbanas referentes aos meses de março(km 52, 78 e 80) e setembro (km 52) foram diagnosticadas como indutoras de toxicidade genética.Considerando estes resultados, conclui-se que os prejuízos causados pelos dejetos urbanos podem ser tãoou mais nocivos que os impostos pelos de origem industrial.Palavras-chaves: SMART, Genotoxicidade, Água, D. melanogaster

Assessment of RELAP/MOD2 cycle 36.04, Against the Loviisa-2 stuck-open turbine by-pass valve transient on September 1, 1991

An overcooling type transient that took place in the LOVIISA Unit 2 has been analyzed using the RELAP5/MOD2 code. The code version was cycle 36.04.The Loviisa Power Plant consists of two Soviet VVER-440 type pressurized water reactors having a net electric output of 445 MWe each. In VVER-440 reactors, the primary circuit comprises six parallel loops, each with a horizontal steam generator, a main circulation pump and main loop isolation gate valves. The reactor has significant differences compared to a typical western PWR, such as loop seals both in the hot and cold leg and horizontal steam generators.The transient that occurred on September 1, 1981 was initiated from full power by a reactor trip. Incorrect operation of the level gauges in four steam generators caused the trip signal. An associated stuck-open failure of one turbine by-pass valve caused a fast cool-down. The high pressure safety injection started to operate, but was quickly turned off by the operator. The downcomer temperature decreased from 265 °C to 215 °C in fifteen minutes. The cooling down ceased when the operator closed the shut-off valve of the open by-pass line.Although the plant data are not gathered as comprehensively as those from the extensively instrumented test facilities, the real plant transients are important in order to verify the scaling capability of the current one-dimensional codes to large three-dimensional power plants. The transient data together with the start-up commissioning tests also form a good data base when the applicability of the nodalization model for accident analysis is tested.This work was performed at the Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) in co-operation with the utility Imatran Voima Oy (IVO), which owns and operates these plants. Many people in both organizations have contributed to the work and their support and assistance is acknowledged

Lääkehoito helpommaksi ja turvallisemmaksi merenkulussa : akuuttilääkehoidon taskuopas merenkulkijoille

Tämän toiminnallisen opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tuottaa konkreettisena tuotteena tilaajan aluksilla työskenteleville lääkintäperämiehille työasun taskuun sopiva, työskentelyolosuhteita kestävä ja helppokäyttöinen akuuttilääkehoidon taskuopas. Monet lääkintäperämiehet tuntevat epävarmuutta lääkintätehtävissä ja tämä onkin ymmärrettävää koska ensisijaisesti he ovat perämiehiä. Heidän tärkein työnsä on vastata aluksen turvallisesta kulusta. Lakisääteistä koulutusta lääkintätehtäviin ei koeta riittäväksi. Heillä on käytettävissään huomattavan laaja lääkevalikoima sekä hyvin kattava englanninkielinen hakuteos laajennusosineen, jonka käyttäminen kiiretilanteessa koetaan valitettavasti haastavaksi. Yhteistyökumppanimme, Finnlinesin matkustajalaivoilla, matkustaa matkailusesongin aikana rahdin lisäksi huomattava määrä matkailijoita, joka osaltaan lisää tarvetta sairaanhoidollisten valmiuksien lisäämiseen ja ylläpitoon. Opas lisännee lääkintäperämiesten työskentelyvarmuutta ja siten tuo lisäturvaa aluksilla tapahtuvaan lääkintään. On odotettavaa, että tämän opinnäytetyön tuote parantaa lääkinnällistä turvallisuutta Itämerellä tapahtuvassa kauppamerenkulussa. Taskuoppaaseen on valittu 22 aluksen apteekista löytyvää lääkettä. Peruslähtökohtana lääkkeiden valinnassa on pidetty mahdollisiin akuuttitilanteisiin korreloitua käytettävyyttä. Valintaa on tehty yhteistyössä tilaajan työterveyshuollon kanssa ja perustuu voimassa oleviin hoito-ohjeisiin ja suosituksiin. Lääkkeistä on oppaaseen kirjattu geneerinen nimi, kauppanimi pääasiallinen käyttöaihe, annostus, huomioitavat seikat, sekä vasta-aiheet. Lisäksi lääkkeistä on kirjattu mahdollinen lääkärin konsultaatiotarve. Oppaasta löytyy lääkkeiden lisäksi yleistä muistettavaa, opastusta sekä potilasluokitteluohje monipotilastilanteisiin. Laiva-apteekkia koskeva asetus määrää kaiken ohjeistuksen olevan aluksen operointikielellä, joten se on suunniteltu alusta alkaen kaksikieliseksi, siten että sekä suomen- että englanninkielinen tieto kustakin lääkkeestä ovat samalla aukeamalla.Maritime medical officers often feel unsecure while medicating a patient. This is very understandable, after all the primary task for deck officers in the ship is safe seafaring and management the whole vessel. The education for onboard medical operations required by law, is felt insufficient. Onboard they have extensive pharmacy and an extremely comprehensive guidebook to almost all kind of medical issues, but unfortunately, the usage of that guidebook in emergency situations is felt challenging. The purpose of this thesis is to produce an acute medication pocket guide for medical officers onboard the ships. The product should be durable, easy to use and it should fit in their uniform´s pocket. During tourist season, our customer Finnlines have eight so called hybrid ships. They carry both cargo but also a significant number of passengers. That increases the need to improve the resources of medical competence. This acute medication pocket guide is about to increase a sense of safety of medical officers onboard and shall bring more security for onboard medication. It is expectable, with the product of this thesis, to improve medical safety, in merchant seafaring at the Baltic sea. 22 medicines found in the ship's pharmacy have been selected for the pocket guide. The base for the selection of drugs has been considered to be correlation with possible acute or emergency medical situations. The selection has been made in cooperation with the client's occupational health care and is based on valid recommendations and guidelines of medication. The generic name, trade name, main indication of use, dosage, warnings, contraindications are listed in the guide. In addition, a possible need to consult a physician before use has been added. In addition to medicines, the guide contains general instructions, guidance and a patient classification guide for multi-patient situations. The regulation on ship pharmacies makes all instructions mandatory in the operating language of the ship, so it is designed to be bilingual from the outset, so that both Finnish and English information on each medicine is in the same spread

Field trial of the 3.5 GHz citizens broadband radio service governed by a spectrum access system (SAS)

Abstract In this paper, we describe a spectrum access system (SAS) based Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) field trial using a live LTE network in the 3.5 GHz band. The latest WInnForum specification guided the implementation of the relevant protocols for SAS operation. Here, we evaluate the performance of a CBRS field trial by using one of the most important performance indicators in a spectrum sharing scenario — the evacuation time. It indicates how rapidly the secondary user relinquishes the shared spectrum band to the primary user. Following the applied protocols, we measure and analyze the time scales for the evacuation and frequency change procedures in a field trial environment. Our work shows that the set time limits for the protection of primary users against interference are realistic when using commercially available mobile networks and equipment. Finally, utilizing knowledge of the latest base station models, we propose ways to reduce the evacuation and reconfiguration time by up to 70%