Challenges facing Iranian social security in the path of sustainable development, causes and providing some solutions

Following economic, social, political and cultural changes and the spread of social phenomena such as poverty, unemployment, increasing population of the elderly and disabled, governments have taken on new responsibilities towards their citizens and their scope of operation has expanded. (Ghaffari, 2017). In this direction, due to the mentioned changes, several challenges have been faced on social security in relation to the efficient establishment of the social security system. Therefore, the present study, in response to the question of what are the most important challenges of social security in the implementation of sustainable development programs, intends to provide appropriate solutions in this area by analyzing and analyzing the causes of challenges facing the Social Security Organization. This research is a descriptive-comparative type and in addition to interviews with experts, professors and individuals who have researched in the field of social security, as well as a number of managers and experts in the field of social security, using the library method. The statistical population includes existing documents in the field of social security at the domestic and international levels, which have been dictated by reference organizations such as the International Social Security Association (ISSA), International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Bank in this field. Content analysis method has been used for data analysis. The challenges have been enumerated by adapting the current state of social security to its desired state based on global guidelines, models, and systems. Then, the obtained information was tested using the questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.7 to examine and comment on the experts Delphi test and was analyzed using SPSS software. Findings indicate that social security in Iran is far from global standards and models and is struggling with micro and macro challenges. Evidence and research results showed that the most important reasons for the existing challenges should be pursued in policies, regulations and also in the field of implementation. It also seems that explaining the role of the government in the field of social security is a missing link that ignoring it will jeopardize any orientation in the field of social security and it is necessary to pay attention to macro-planning in this area. &nbsp

Social security insurance model in Iran with a sustainable development approach: A comparative study of selected countries, Iran, Turkey and Denmark

The social security system in any country is a mirror of the development and the level of welfare of that society, and sustainable development in any country has a direct relationship with the quantity and quality of social security services. Given the initial establishment of the social security system in almost all countries, as well as Iran, the main challenge in this area can be considered the development of quality, quantity and services in a way that is able to meet the needs of society. (Khaleghparast, Rasekh, Naimi, 2017). Therefore, this study intends to identify the gaps between the current situation and the desired situation, by presenting applications in the form of a proposed model, to design the desired social security system according to the characteristics and conditions prevailing in society and its final destination to determine the development process of the country. This study is a descriptive-comparative study and has been done in several stages. The findings indicate that there is a significant gap between the management, governance and establishment of the social security system in Iran and the sample countries, especially Denmark. In countries that have succeeded in establishing the social security system, they have paid special attention to the three indicators of development and empowerment (risk management and realization of prevention levels), macro-planning and how to provide services, and by recreating the position of government in the security system, as well as following the recommendations and patterns of communication by international organizations and institutions, which are always considered as policy theories, the reference of policy makers in this field, have achieved good success in creating social welfare and public satisfaction. In this regard, according to the information obtained, it seems that the Social Security Organization, in following the patterns, models and global systems in the field of social security, should undertake serious reforms in the field of macro planning, development and improvement of employees, as well as improving and developing service delivery, take effective steps towards achieving sustainable development of the countr

Traumatic injuries in pregnant women: a case of motor vehicle accident for “Ground Round” discussion

The main objective for introducing this case study is to create a platform from which the importance of road traffic related injuries and traumas can be emphasized and discussed within and across various fields of investigation. The long term goal is to entice public campaign around unmet needs for higher road safety measures to reduce primary, secondary, and tertiary risks of injuries and traumas

Photosensitized electron transfer within a self-assembled norharmane–2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate (dAMP) complex

Norharmane is a compound that belongs to a family of alkaloids called β-carbolines (βCs). These alkaloids are present in a wide range of biological systems, playing a variety of significant photo-dependent roles. Upon UV-A irradiation, βCs are able to act as efficient photosensitizers. In this work, we have investigated the photosensitized oxidation of 2′-deoxyadenosine 5′-monophosphate (dAMP) by norharmane in an aqueous phase, upon UV-A (350 nm) irradiation. The effect of the pH was evaluated on both the interactions between norharmane and dAMP in the ground and electronic excited states, and on the dAMP photosensitized oxidation. A quite strong static interaction between norharmane and dAMP was observed, especially under those pH conditions where the protonated form of the alkaloid is present (pH < 7). Theoretical studies were performed to further characterize the static complex structure. The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the photosensitized reaction was also investigated and the photoproducts were characterized by means of UV-LDI-MS and ESI-MS. All the data provided herein indicate that electron transfer (Type I) within a self-assembled norharmane–dAMP complex is the operative mechanism in the dAMP photosensitization.Centro de Química Inorgánic

Integrative Analysis of Physiological Phenotype of Plant Cells by Turgor Measurement and Metabolomics

Water status and metabolite content are considered as two key features in plant cell physiological phenotype. In order to profiling "in situ" living plant cell status, turgor pressure of cells located at different locations of tissues was probed with a cell pressure probe and then cell sap was sampled and its metabolite profile was generated with using nanoESI and MALDI mass spectrometry. No purification or separation was included in workflow and picoliter cell sap samples were injected directly into a nanoESI-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and/or deposited on selected matrices from organic compounds and nanoparticles for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. Both shotgun mass spectrometry techniques could be used for detecting and quantifying metabolites in single-cell samples. Different metabolites from neutral carbohydrates to amino acids and secondary metabolites could be detected. Quantity of two major metabolites, sucrose and kestose, was also measured in several cells and sucrose concentration was co-plotted with turgor data.Fil: Yousef Gholipour. Ehime University; JapónFil: Erra Balsells, Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Nonami, Hiroshi. Ehime University; Japó

Blossom End Rot Tomato Fruit Diagnosis for In Situ Cell Analyses with Real Time Pico-Pressure Probe Ionization Mass Spectrometry

By combining a cell pressure probe and an Orbitrap mass spectrometer, quantitative snapshot profiles of metabolites of in situ plant single cells during development of blossom end rot in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit were analyzed while tomato plants were grown hydroponically in a greenhouse. By using the pressure probe, cell turgor, cell volume, cell wall elastic modulus, and hydraulic conductivity of plasma membrane were measured, followed by managed cytoplasm sampling, and osmotic and water potentials determination. It was found that the cell bursting results from alterations in water relations and cell wall properties accompanied with changes in metabolites of cells located at blossom end rot area in tomato fruit. From the water relations point of view, the loss of the elasticity and cell wall weakening, with decreased water potential and excess turgor resulted in mechanical rupture of membrane and cell wall. Abscisic acid was detected in damaged cells as a possible evidence of triggered precocious maturity. Simultaneously, a sharp rise in the concentration of phenols (coumarinate-glucoside and chlorogenic acid) and salicylic acid and decline in ascorbic acid reflected the activation of cell death process that would facilitate the deterioration of cell wall and plasma membrane.Fil: Gholipour, Yousef. Ehime University; JapónFil: Erra Balsells, Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Nonami, Hiroshi. Ehime University; Japó

Detection of pesticides on tomato fruit surface by ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Small amounts of pesticides and their transformation products may exist on edible parts before harvesting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits. For analyzing these compounds, special techniques with minimum preparations and high sensitivity are needed. The capability of a technique for in situ detection of target chemicals can be also a great advantage. Here we report the applicability of ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (UV-MALDI TOF MS) for direct detection of pesticides and the residues on the tomato fruit surface. Fruits grown in the hydroponic system in a greenhouse were sprayed with a mixture of four pesticides including benomyl, triforine, milbemycin and malathion and collected one week later. The pericarp of sprayed and control fruits was peeled and located on a UV-MALDI plate, air-dried and covered with carbon nanotubes or 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid as matrixes. Signals of active and supplementary compounds which are normally present in commercial pesticides could be analyzed and directly detected on the surface of cuticle. A malathion degradation product was also detected on the sprayed fruit pericarp.Fil: Yousef Gholipour. Ehime University; JapónFil: Erra Balsells, Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Nonami, Hiroshi. Ehime University; Japó

In Situ Pressure Probe Sampling and UV-MALDI MS for Profiling Metabolites in Living Single Cells

In this work we describe the use of a combination of a cell pressure probe and a UV-matrix-assisted laser desorption/ ionization time of flight (UV-MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer for the in situ picoliter sampling and shotgun metabolite profiling of living single cells of plants. In addition to quantifiable sampling, the pressure probe has some unique features which differentiate it from other single-cell analytical tools. Cell wall and plasma membrane properties and water relations of in situ living single cells can be analyzed before sampling the cell sap. In addition, the fully-controlled sampling of cells located at different depths in plant tissues, measurement of the sample volume, and the addition of internal standards are facilitated by the pressure probe. Using a variety of organic compounds and nanoparticles as UV-MALDI matrices, metabolites from neutral carbohydrates to amino acids and other metabolites can be detected through UV-MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analyses of picoliter-sized, single-cell samples.Fil: Yousef Gholipour. Ehime University; JapónFil: Erra Balsells, Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Química Orgánica; Argentina. Ehime University; JapónFil: Nonami, Hiroshi. Ehime University; Japó

Management Science Letters Investigation of the employees&apos; payment system in an educational institution -A case study

Nowadays, wage and salary system form the most important issues in any society, and its phenomenon takes dimensions with an expansion of a public organization and NGOs. Organizations provide employees satisfaction through different pay programs, which force them to work down more with higher quality. In this paper, we consider a survey of the payment system in an Iranian university as a case study. The population of this study consists of the existing documents, observations, working managers, supervisors and experts. This study is carried out from the desired community based on the data collected for a period of 18 months and the sample size is about 97 people. We use descriptive statistics to analyze the descriptive data. We also use the one-sample Kolmogorove-Smirnov test, t-test and Friedman test for the questions. The results of the existing payment system show that there is no any good condition and the employee&apos;s attitude towards this system are negative based on the collected data. Finally, some suggestions are recommended to improve the existing situation

Living Cell Manipulation, Manageable Sampling, and Shotgun Picoliter Electrospray Mass Spectrometry for Profiling Metabolites

A modified cell pressure probe and an online Orbitrap mass spectrometer were used to sample in situ plant single cells without any additional manipulation. The cell pressure probe, a quartz capillary tip filled with an oil mixture, was penetrated to various depths into parenchyma cells of tulip bulb scale, followed by a hydraulic continuity test to determine the exact location of the tip inside target cells. The operation was conducted under a digital microscope, and the capillary tip was photographed to calculate the volume of the cell sap sucked. The cell sap sample was then directly nebulized/ionized under high-voltage conditions at the entrance of the mass spectrometer. Several sugars, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, fatty acids, and secondary metabolites were detected. Because picoliter solutions can be accurately handled and measured, known volumes of standard solutions can be added to cell sap samples inside the capillary tip to be used as references for metabolite characterization and relative quantitation. The high precision and sensitivity of the cell pressure probe and Orbitrap mass spectrometer allow for the manipulation and analysis of both femtoliter cell sap samples and standard solutions.Fil: Gholipour, Yousef. Ehime University; JapónFil: Erra Balsells, Rosa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono; ArgentinaFil: Hiraoka, Kenzo. University of Yamanash; JapónFil: Nonami, Hiroshi. Ehime University; Japó