18 research outputs found

    Properties related to drying defects in red oak wetwood

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    Counter-propagating radiative shock experiments on the Orion laser and the formation of radiative precursors

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    We present results from new experiments to study the dynamics of radiative shocks, reverse shocks and radiative precursors. Laser ablation of a solid piston by the Orion high-power laser at AWE Aldermaston UK was used to drive radiative shocks into a gas cell initially pressurised between 0.10.1 and $1.0 \ bar with different noble gases. Shocks propagated at {80 \pm 10 \ km/s} and experienced strong radiative cooling resulting in post-shock compressions of { \times 25 \pm 2}. A combination of X-ray backlighting, optical self-emission streak imaging and interferometry (multi-frame and streak imaging) were used to simultaneously study both the shock front and the radiative precursor. These experiments present a new configuration to produce counter-propagating radiative shocks, allowing for the study of reverse shocks and providing a unique platform for numerical validation. In addition, the radiative shocks were able to expand freely into a large gas volume without being confined by the walls of the gas cell. This allows for 3-D effects of the shocks to be studied which, in principle, could lead to a more direct comparison to astrophysical phenomena. By maintaining a constant mass density between different gas fills the shocks evolved with similar hydrodynamics but the radiative precursor was found to extend significantly further in higher atomic number gases (\sim4$ times further in xenon than neon). Finally, 1-D and 2-D radiative-hydrodynamic simulations are presented showing good agreement with the experimental data.Comment: HEDLA 2016 conference proceeding

    Stress and Self-Esteem Among Urban and Rural Adolescents in North Dakota

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    This article intends to gain access into those things affecting the stress levels and self-esteem of both rural and urban North Dakota adolescents and to discover if there were any variations between the two groups. The criteria for this study is detailed. A reduction in self-esteem may reduce an adolescents’ motivation for success. Tough economic situation at home is a factor. Adolescents model their parents’ behaviors regarding stress
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