Hypertension and type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study in Morocco (EPIDIAM Study)

Background: In Morocco, there are no studies that focused on the hypertension and its associated risk factors through patients with type 2 diabetes. Different findings show that the frequency of type 2 diabetes has risen rapidly in Morocco. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among a group of patients with type 2 diabetes and to examine the level of control of hypertension among type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 525 type 2 diabetics in three Moroccan regions. The structured questionnaire was used to gather information on sociodemographic variables, history of hypertension, use of anti-hypertensive medications and duration of diabetes. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were measured by trained staff. Blood pressure was measured using standardized sphygmomanometers. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 70.4%. The logistic regression indicated that hypertension was positively associated with age (p<10-4), BMI (p<0.0002) and duration of diabetes (p Conclusion: Hypertension is a common co-morbidity among Moroccan diabetic patients with high rate of ignorance of hypertension among study subjects. The focus must be on patients and family education, counseling and behavioral interventions designed to modify lifestyle such as increasing physical activity and adopting recommended dietary changes, as well as compliance with medications

ETUDE DE L’EXPRESSION DES COMPORTEMENTS MOTIVES DES ELEVES POUR L’EDUCATION PHYSIQUE ET SPORTIVE (EPS)

The motivation and determination of the many factors that cause the learners desire to learn or not, is a theme that has been widely apprehended in an educational context and sports. This study aims at knowing the various styles of behaviour of the pupils when they are justify for the courses of PES. Hundred and seventy-five pupils stemming from four public secondary establishments of Taza (Morocco), from 12 to 18 years old were subjected to an opened questionnaire evaluating their behavioural expressions according to four times which make a session of physical and sports education PSE : before the course, during the heating, during the course and after the course. The results reveal overall that when the courses of PSE interest the pupils, they express it by classifiable styles of behaviour in the order of: punctuality, the concentration, the active participation and positive emotional demonstrations of physical well-being and good mood after the courses

Health risk behaviours amongst school adolescents: protocol for a mixed methods study

Abstract Background Determining risky behaviours of adolescents provides valuable information for designing appropriate intervention programmes for advancing adolescent’s health. However, these behaviours are not fully addressed by researchers in a comprehensive approach. We report the protocol of a mixed methods study designed to investigate the health risk behaviours of Moroccan adolescents with the goal of identifying suitable strategies to address their health concerns. Methods We used a sequential two-phase explanatory mixed method study design. The approach begins with the collection of quantitative data, followed by the collection of qualitative data to explain and enrich the quantitative findings. In the first phase, the global school-based student health survey (GSHS) was administered to 800 students who were between 14 and 19 years of age. The second phase engaged adolescents, parents and teachers in focus groups and assessed education documents to explore the level of coverage of health education in the programme learnt in the middle school. To obtain opinions about strategies to reduce Moroccan adolescents’ health risk behaviours, a nominal group technique will be used. Discussion The findings of this mixed methods sequential explanatory study provide insights into the risk behaviours that need to be considered if intervention programmes and preventive strategies are to be designed to promote adolescent’s health in the Moroccan school

Perspectives of adolescents, parents, and teachers on barriers and facilitators of physical activity among school-age adolescents: a qualitative analysis

Abstract Background Physical activity levels are low among adolescents in Morocco; however, the influences on physical activity behavior of adolescents have not yet been explored in a qualitative study. Here, we explored potential social-ecological barriers and facilitators of physical activity in Moroccan adolescents with the goal of developing a successful intervention program aimed at improving their physical activity level. Methods For this study, we conducted 17 focus group discussions (100 participants, composed of 56 adolescents, 26 parents, and 18 teachers from two middle schools in Taza city, Morocco). Discussions during focus groups were facilitated by a semi-structured interview guide. Guide questions were underpinned by the social-ecological model as a theoretical framework. Data analysis was carried out by two coders using thematic analysis. Results We found that barriers and facilitators of physical activity in adolescents are organized into six themes that belong to different levels of the social-ecological model. Three themes belonged to the intrapersonal level (perceived motivating and limiting factors, physical activity awareness, and time constraints), two themes were classified into the interpersonal/cultural level (social support and gender and cultural norms), and one theme belonged to the environmental level (access to opportunities). Most of the themes were at the individual level, with each theme including both barriers and facilitators. Conclusions Adolescent participation in physical activity can be facilitated or hampered by many factors. Results from the focus group discussions showed that these factors belonged to different levels of the social-ecological model, but most were at the individual level. Our findings have several implications. First, they may offer suggestions for a tailored intervention program aimed at improving adolescent physical activity. Second, they can improve quantitative research by enriching the battery of questions of physical activity instruments (e.g., a question related to physical disability). Third, the proposed thematic map can contribute to understanding interactions and causal pathways in the social-ecological model

Level and potential social-ecological factors associated with physical inactivity and sedentary behavior among Moroccan school-age adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Creating a successful intervention that supports an active lifestyle and prevents sedentary one requires a better understanding of the factors associated with physical inactivity (PI) and sedentary behavior (SB). However, these factors have not been assessed among Moroccan adolescents. This study aimed to determine prevalence of PI and SB and to explore their potential social-ecological associated factors in school-age adolescents. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 764 students (age range, 14–19 years) were enrolled from six schools in Taza city, Morocco. The Global School-based Student Health Survey was used to collect data about variables. We used bivariate and multivariate analyses to assess relations between dependent and independent variables. Results Overall, the prevalence of PI was 79.5% and SB was 36.5%. Among girls, these rates were higher (87.0 and 39.1%, respectively) than rates shown in boys (70.9 and 33.6%, respectively). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, PI was associated with the following variables: illiterate father, hunger, suicidal ideation, inadequate vegetable consumption, and absence from physical education classes. Age, inadequate vegetable consumption, and absenteeism were associated with SB. Conclusions The prevalence of PI and SB is high, especially among girls. Thus, there is an urgent need to implement appropriate interventions to reduce PI and SB levels in secondary school-age adolescents and the associated factors identified can be useful

Adolescents, parents and teachers’ perceptions of risk and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents: a qualitative study

Abstract Background Substance use in adolescents is a global public health concern that continues to draw attention from academics, policy experts, and government officials. In Morocco, few studies have investigated the influencing factors of substance use in adolescents. Here, we aimed to fill this gap and to better understand factors that protect or influence substance use in adolescents. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions. The semi-structured interview guides were based on the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework to explore perceptions of students, parents, and teachers regarding substance use risks and protective factors in adolescents. Data from each group were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results From May to July 2016, 17 focus group discussions were conducted at two middle schools in Taza city, Morocco, which included 8 groups of 7 adolescents (28 boys and 28 girls) aged 14 to 16 years, 5 groups of parents (5 females and 21 males), and 4 groups of teachers (13 males and 5 females). Thematic analysis resulted in six common themes that represented the most salient perceived risk and protective factors regarding substance use among adolescents: perceived benefits of substance use, awareness and beliefs, family influence, peer influence, easy accessibility of substances, and social norms. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that multilevel prevention programs in adolescents should address influencing factors from the individual to the societal level, including social norms and the government’s policy toward substance use. Health education programs included as part of the school curriculum can contribute to promoting awareness and reducing risky behaviors of Moroccan adolescents

Hypertension in Tunisian adults attending primary care physicians (ETHNA-Tunisia)

The aim of the Epidemiological Trial of Hypertension in North Africa (ETHNA-Tunisia) was to evaluate the prevalence and clinical profile of hypertension in a large sample of individuals in Tunisia. This was multicenter, epidemiological, cross-sectional study conducted in patients consulting primary care physicians in Tunisia. Mean age of 5802 individuals was 49.6 ± 16.3 years. The total prevalence of hypertension was 47.4% (adjusted for age: 26.9%). Control of hypertension was only 37.1%. Hypertension may also be underdiagnosed and ineffectively treated. Greater awareness and improved management of hypertension and cardiovascular risks are needed in Tunisia. Keywords: Hypertension, Blood pressure, Epidemiology, Controlled hypertension, Tunisi

Lipid Levels and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Moroccan Type 2 Diabetes: A Case Control Study (EPIDIAM Study)

Background: The management of diabetic dyslipidaemia, a well-recognized and modifiable risk factor, is a key element in the multifactorial approach to prevent cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).Objective: The aim of this study is to describe lipids profile and to compare CVD risk factors in Moroccan individuals with and without T2DM.Subjects and Methods: The study population consisted of 1307 unrelated T2D and 984 non-diabetics subjects. This was a case control study carried out in urban and rural primary health care centers. The survey was conducted from January 2006 to July 2008.Results: This case control study performed in a group of type 2 diabetic patients (1307) and non-diabetic (984) adults’ shows that T2D is strongly and independently associated with CVD risk factors, which are, hypertension (OR 4.06, 95% CI: 3.35-4.93, p <0.001), elevated TGs (OR 1.77, CI: 1.45-2.18, p <0.001), central obesity (OR 1.67, CI: 1.30-2.16, p <0.001), been female (OR 0.79, CI: 0.64-0.97, p =0.022), and been older-age (p =0.001). Strong prevalence of CVD risk factors has also shown among non-diabetics.Conclusion: The present study has found a high prevalence of CVD risk factors among T2D patients and controls despite the significant difference between them

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Level and potential social-ecological factors associated with physical inactivity and sedentary behavior among Moroccan school-age adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Description of independent variablesa. (16.5 Kb