テネシー・ウィリアムズ作品におけるCONFINEMENT IMAGERYについて : 『ガラスの動物園』と『欲望という名の電車』及び『二人だけの芝居』の考察

『天使の戦い』の後,『ガラスの動物園』で,ブロードウェイで大成功を収めた詩人であり,劇作家であるテネシー・ウィリアムズは,1911年ミシシッピー州コロンバスに生を受けた。作家が生まれ育った環境に大きく影響されるのは当然であり,ウィリアムズもまた,生まれ育った牧師館での祖父の宗教感覚と共に南部という環境に大きく影響を受けている。また,その後工業の街セントルイスに引っ越し,そこでの経験や環境の違いなどが彼の描く作品に色濃く反映されている。彼の作品の中で主人公は,自らの心に忠実に生きようとするが,彼らを取り巻く過酷な現実や繊細すぎる神経のため,正気を失っていく。彼らを閉じ込める状況は,閉塞感(=Confinement Imagery)としてウィリアムズ作品での重要なテーマである。本稿では,近親相姦的愛と罪の意識に注目し,その要素が顕著に描かれている『ガラスの動物園』と『欲望という名の電車』及び『二人だけの芝居』を考察することによって,作品の重要なテーマである閉塞感と今もなお上演される彼の作品の魅力を論じてゆく。After having presented Battle of Angels, Tennessee Williams gained himself a reputation of The Glass Menagerie on Broadway. He was born in Columbus, Mississippi in 1911. It is quite natural that writers are affected greatly by their surroundings. Williams also got much influences from his environments. For instance, Puritanism?his grandfather was an Epicurean priest?and the cultural differences between St. Louis and Columbus in the South where he was grown up have deep implications for characters in his works. Mostly dramatic personae in his works struggle to be pure and honest to their mind. But their sensitiveness in cruel situations has brought them to ruin. Moreover, they have come to be insane or dead in the end. The "Confinement Imagery,"-- in other word "trapped imagery"-- is an important element and has an essential meaning in Williams\u27 works. Studying The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire and The Two-character play, as incest and guilty conscience are described vividly, I will discuss confinement imagery and examine his eternal fame in his works

Evidence-based practices published in Brazil: identification and analysis of their types and methodological approches

Revisão integrativa de estudos brasileiros sobre práticas baseadas em evidências (PBE) em saúde, publicados em periódicos ISI/JCR, nos últimos 10 anos. O objetivo foi identificar as especialidades que mais realizaram estes estudos, seus enfoques e abordagens metodológicas. A partir de critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 144 trabalhos. Os resultados indicam que a maior quantidade de estudos feitos em PBE foram sobre infância e adolescência, infectologia, psiquiatria/saúde mental e cirurgia. Os enfoques predominantes foram prevenção, tratamento/reabilitação, diagnóstico e avaliação. As metodologias mais empregadas foram revisão sistemática sem ou com metanálise, revisão de protocolos ou síntese de estudos de evidências já disponíveis, e revisão integrativa. Constata-se forte expansão multiprofissional da PBE no Brasil, contribuindo para a busca de práticas mais criteriosas pela reunião, reconhecimento e análise crítica dos conhecimentos produzidos. O estudo contribui também para a própria análise dos modos de fazer pesquisa e novas possibilidades de investigação.Revisión integradora de estudios brasileños sobre prácticas basadas en la evidencia (PBE) en salud, publicados en periódicos ISI/JCR en los últimos 10 años. La finalidad fue identificar las especialidades que más efectuaron esos estudios, sus focos y aproximaciones metodoló-gicas. A partir de criterios de inclusión, fueron elegidos 144 estudios. Los resultados indican que la mayor cantidad de estudios llevados a cabo en EBP trataron de la infancia y adolescencia, enfermedades infecciosas, psiquiatría/salud mental y cirugía. Los focos predominantes fueron prevención, tratamiento/rehabilitación, diagnóstico y evaluación. Las metodo-logías más usadas fueron revisión sistemática con o sin metanálisis, revisión de protocolos o síntesis de estudios de evidencias ya disponibles, y revisión integradora. Se constata la fuerte expansión multiprofes-sional de la EBP en Brasil, contribuyendo a la búsqueda de prácticas más criteriosas a través de la reunión, del reconocimiento y del análisis crítico de los conocimientos producidos. El estudio también contribuye al propio análisis de los modos de hacer investigación y nuevas posibilidades de hacerla.This is an integrative review of Brazilian studies on evidence-based practices (EBP) in health, published in ISI/JCR journals in the last 10 years. The aim was to identify the specialty areas that most accomplished these studies, their foci and methodological approaches. Based on inclusion criteria, 144 studies were selected. The results indicate that most EBP studies addressed childhood and adolescence, infectious diseases, psychiatrics/mental health and surgery. The predominant foci were prevention, treatment/rehabilitation, diagnosis and assessment. The most used methods were systematic review with or without meta-analysis, protocol review or synthesis of available evidence studies, and integrative review. A strong multiprofessional expansion of EBP is found in Brazil, contributing to the search for more selective practices by collecting, recognizing and critically analyzing the produced knowledge. The study also contributes to the analysis itself of ways to do research and new research possibilities

Prácticas basadas en evidencias publicadas en brasil: identificación y análisis estudios acerca de la prevención en salud humana

Revisão integrativa de estudos brasileiros sobre práticas baseadas em evidências (PBE) acerca da prevenção em saúde humana, publicados em periódicos Web of Science/JCR, de outubro de 2010 a abril de 2011. O objetivo foi identificar as especialidades que mais realizaram estes estudos, seus enfoques e abordagens metodológicas. A partir de critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 84 trabalhos publicados majoritariamente em periódicos de saúde pública, focalizando a atenção primária e abrangendo também questões clínicas e diversas especialidades. Variaram também os enfoques de prevenção e as abordagens metodológicas, predominando a revisão sistemática sem metanálise. Os resultados indicam que não há uma única maneira de conceituar e praticar a PBE na prevenção e sua aplicação pode não ser apenas para obtenção de prova irrefutável para instrumentalizar ações de intervenção. Constitui um campo infindável de conhecimentos, em construção, para análise e maior compreensão de fenômenos em saúde

Detection of viral RNA in diverse body fluids in an SFTS patient with encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding and pneumonia: a case report and literature review

BACKGROUND: Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease that commonly has a lethal course caused by the tick-borne Huaiyangshan banyang virus [former SFTS virus (SFTSV)]. The viral load in various body fluids in SFTS patients and the best infection control measure for SFTS patients have not been fully established. CASE PRESENTATION: A 79-year-old man was bitten by a tick while working in the bamboo grove in Nagasaki Prefecture in the southwest part of Japan. Due to the occurrence of impaired consciousness, he was referred to Nagasaki University Hospital for treatment. The serum sample tested positive for SFTSV-RNA in the genome amplification assay, and he was diagnosed with SFTS. Furthermore, SFTSV-RNA was detected from the tick that had bitten the patient. He was treated with multimodal therapy, including platelet transfusion, antimicrobials, antifungals, steroids, and continuous hemodiafiltration. His respiration was assisted with mechanical ventilation. On day 5, taking the day on which he was hospitalized as day 0, serum SFTSV-RNA levels reached a peak and then decreased. However, the cerebrospinal fluid collected on day 13 was positive for SFTSV-RNA. In addition, although serum SFTSV-RNA levels decreased below the detectable level on day 16, he was diagnosed with pneumonia with computed tomography. SFTSV-RNA was detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid on day 21. By day 31, he recovered consciousness completely. The pneumonia improved by day 51, but SFTSV-RNA in the sputum remained positive for approximately 4 months after disease onset. Strict countermeasures against droplet/contact infection were continuously conducted. CONCLUSIONS: Even when SFTSV genome levels become undetectable in the serum of SFTS patients in the convalescent phase, the virus genome remains in body fluids and tissues. It may be possible that body fluids such as respiratory excretions become a source of infection to others; thus, careful infection control management is needed

Increased Soluble CD155 in the Serum of Cancer Patients

Emerging evidence suggests that DNAM-1 (CD226) play an important role in the recognition of tumor cells and their lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and NK cells. Although the DNAM-1 ligand CD155 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues, many human tumors significantly upregulate the expression of CD155; DNAM-1 on CTL and NK cells may be involved in tumor immunity. However, unlike those in mice, human tissues also express soluble isoforms of CD155 (sCD155) that lack the transmembrane region. Here, we show that sCD155 levels were significantly higher in the sera of 262 patients with lung, gastrointestinal, breast, and gynecologic cancers than in sera from healthy donors. In addition, the sCD155 levels were significantly higher in patients with early stage (stages 1 and 2) gastric cancer than in healthy donors, and were significantly higher in patients withadvanced stage (stages 3 and 4) disease than in patients in those with early stage disease and healthy donors. Moreover, the sCD155 levels were significantly decreased after surgical resection of cancers. Thus, sCD155 level in serum may be potentially useful as a biomarkerfor cancer development and progression

An Analysis of Strong Motion Accelerograms near the Epicenter

The strong motion accelerograms of the Matsushiro earthquake were analyzed by various methods. When the velocity and the displacement in the time domain and in the frequency domain are calculated from the accelerogram, various errors may be introduced. Therefore, it is necessary to check and select the methods of data processing according to the purpose of analyses. In this paper, it was shown that the comparison of observed values with theoretical in the form of velocity amplitude spectral density might be most preferable. The main factors affecting the ground vibration during disastrous earthquakes are generally conceived to be: source, path and local geology. The relations between the observed seismogram and the theoretical one were compared when a moving dislocation model was assumed. It was found that the direction of particle motion and the spectral density of observation could be reasonably understood from the theoretical point of view

Saponins from Barringtonia Acutangula

Three monodesmosidic glucuronide saponins of barringtogenol C, named barringtosides A, B and C have been isolated as their methyl esters from the dried seeds of Barringtonia acutangula. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence, the structures of these new saponins were elucidated to be as follows: barringtoside A, 3-O-fl-Dxylopyranosyl( 1 ~3)-[fl-D-galactopyranosyl(1 ~2)]-fl-D-glucuronopyranosyl barringtogenol C; barringtoside B, 3-0- ff-D-xylopyranosyl(1 ~ 3)-[fl-D-galactopyranosyl(1 ~2)]-fl-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-tigloyl-28-O-isobutyryl barringtogenol C; barringtoside C, 3-O-ct-L-arabinopyranosyl(lo3)-[fl-D-galactopyranosyl(l~2)]-fl-D-glucuronopyranosyl barringtogenol C