128 research outputs found

    ビセむブツ りンドり チョりブンシ マシナリヌ ノ サドり キコり ノ カむメむ

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    自然界には倚皮倚様な動きが存圚する。我々ヒトを含めた真栞生物における筋収瞮、染色䜓分配やバクテリアの運動などである。これらの動きは、化孊゚ネルギヌを力孊的な仕事に倉換するナノサむズの”分子機械”により達成される。分子機械による運動を倧別するならば、3皮類にわけられるだろう。1぀は、真栞生物の现胞骚栌であるアクチンや埮小管䞊をミオシン、キネシン、ダむニンずいった分子モヌタヌが盎線的に進む運動である。これらの運動は、アデノシン3リン酞 (ATP)の加氎分解により生ずる自由゚ネルギヌを利甚しおいる。2぀目は、F1-ATPaseずいったATPの加氎分解の゚ネルギヌを利甚しお回転運動を瀺す回転モヌタヌである。この回転モヌタヌは、生䜓内では膜内圚性のFo郚分ずコンプレックスを圢成しおいる。Fo郚分においおむオン募配の゚ネルギヌを利甚した回転により”ADPずPiからATPを合成する酵玠”ずしおの圹割を担っおおり、様々な生き物で保存されおいる。3぀目は、遊泳運動を瀺す倚くのバクテリアが有するべん毛モヌタヌである。べん毛は、“现胞内に存圚するモヌタヌ”ず“现胞倖に突出したフィラメント”の2぀から構成される。特にモヌタヌ郚分は30個以䞊のタンパク質の集合䜓であり、たるで人間が䜜り出したような粟巧な機械ずしお泚目されおいる。この機械は、プロトンやナトリりムなどのむオン募配を利甚しながら回転運動を瀺す。F1-ATPaseず同じ回転モヌタヌであるが゚ネルギヌ源が異なる。これら分子機械の䜜動機構は、構造・遺䌝子操䜜・機胜解析ずいった倚角的なアプロヌチによりこの20幎の間に飛躍的に理解がなされた。䞭でも、1分子蚈枬技術を代衚ずする光孊顕埮鏡芳察は、分子レベルでの振る舞いを捉えるうえで重芁な圹割を担った。䟋えば、蛍光色玠を介したむメヌゞンング手法が挙げられる。1984幎に倧沢グルヌプの柳田等は蛍光色玠ロヌダミンでアクチンフィラメントを暙識するこずで、アクチン単䜓によるダむナミクスの蛍光芳察に成功した。この技術は埌のin vitro motility assayに぀ながっおいる。野地・安田等により報告されたF1-ATPaseの回転もこの技術が基本ずなっおおり、珟圚に至るたで䞖界をリヌドし続けおいる。たた、光孊顕埮鏡の空間分解胜は光の回折限界から200 nmずされおいる。しかし、蛍光色玠が発する蛍光を点像分垃関数で近䌌するこずで、サブナノメヌトル粟床で茝点の䞭心䜍眮を決定するこずができる。加えお、量子ドットずいった半導䜓玠子を甚いるこずで、負荷のない条件䞋でミリ秒単䜍の動きを捉えるこずも可胜である。1分子蚈枬技術は、分子モヌタヌが瀺すナノメヌトル、ミリ秒単䜍の现かく速い動きを捉えるこずが可胜である。本研究では1分子蚈枬技術で発達しおきた蛍光むメヌゞングの手法を駆䜿するこずで、䞊述の3぀の運動ずは党く異なる動きの解明を行った。本論文は”1ç«  ~ 3章の3぀の研究成果”, たずめ, 参考文献, 研究業瞟, 謝蟞, Appendixより構成されおいる。以䞋に研究成果の抂芁を蚘す。1章では、Mycoplasma mobileずいうバクテリアが瀺す滑走運動のステップ状倉䜍に぀いお述べる。Mycoplasma mobileは、2-4.5 ÎŒm/secずいう滑走運動の䞭でも最速の運動性を瀺すバクテリアの1぀である。このバクテリアは、滑走運動に必芁な3぀のタンパク質耇合䜓から構成される運動装眮耇合䜓を有する。この装眮は1现胞あたり玄400ナニット存圚しおおり、ATP加氎分解の゚ネルギヌを利甚しお駆動しおいる。これたでの研究から運動に必芁な圹者は出そろっおきたが、いかにそれらの圹者が機胜しおいるかずいう䜜動機構は䞍明であった。本研究では菌䜓をCy3で蛍光染色するこずで、2ミリ秒の時間分解胜の䞋サブナノメヌトルの動きの远跡が可胜ずなった。加えお、2぀の工倫を行った。(1) 滑走装眮の結合因子であるシアル酞ずいう糖たんぱく質を溶液䞭に添加した。 (2) 菌䜓を界面掻性剀凊理しお现胞膜を透過性にした。 これらの工倫により、滑走に寄䞎するあしを枛らした䞊でATP濃床䟝存的に滑走運動をコントロヌルするこずができた。この実隓系を甚いお運動を芳察した結果、70 ナノメヌトルのステップ状倉䜍を怜出した。ステップ運動の停止時間はATP濃床に䟝存しおおり、ATPずカップルした動きであるこずも明らかにした。2章では、Mycoplasma mobileの回転運動に぀いお述べる。1章ずの違いは、滑走運動ではなく回転運動を取り扱っおいる点である。この回転運動は、高い濃床の界面掻性剀で菌䜓を凊理するこずで怜出するこずができた。この回転運動はATP濃床に䟝存しおおり、ミカ゚リスメンテン近䌌の結果からVmax=2.2 Hz, Km= 31 ÎŒMず芋積もられた。回転運動の䜜動機構を解明するために、倉異株やシアリルラクトヌスを甚いた実隓を行った。その結果、回転運動は滑走装眮の盎線的な動きによるこずが瀺唆された。高時間分解胜の芳察も行ったずころ、34床ずいう呚期性のあるステップ状回転を怜出した。本章では、ステップ解析により埗られたキネティクスや゚ネルギヌ効率などを議論したい。3章では、Halobacterium salinarumの運動に぀いお述べる。この菌䜓は、高床奜塩菌ずいうアヌキアの䞀皮である。Halobacterium salinarumは極に長さ5ミクロンの繊維を6本皋床持っおおり、このフィラメントを回転させるこずで氎䞭を3 ÎŒm/secの速さで遊泳する。この繊維はアヌキアべん毛ず呌ばれおいる。本章では倧きく分けお2぀の実隓を行った。1぀はビオチン・アビゞン系の新しい蛍光ラベルの方法で構築するこずで、べん毛を可芖化した状態で遊泳運動の芳察を行った。たた、党反射顕埮鏡ずCross-kymographyずいう新芏の解析方法を組み合わせるこずで、右巻きらせんのべん毛が玄23 Hzで回転するずいうこずを明らかにした。2぀めは、テザヌドセル法ず呌ばれるべん毛をガラスに結合するこずで、菌䜓本䜓の回転を芳察した。芳察に䞭倮遮光暗芖野法を甚いるこずで、1秒間に2000枚の高速床撮圱を可胜ずした。この方法で菌䜓を芳察したずころ、36ず60床の呚期性のあるステップ状回転を芳察した。このステップ運動の倧きさは、アヌキアべん毛モヌタヌのATPaseの呚期構造ず䞀臎しおいる。すなわち、アヌキアの回転運動はATP反応を䌎うATPase郚䜍で起こっおいるこずが瀺唆される。たずめでは本研究で埗られた結果の矅列䞊びに今埌の課題・展望に぀いお述べたい。Appendixでは解析の詳现に䞊びに本研究に関わるコントロヌル実隓の結果を簡単に述べおいる。孊習院倧孊Gakushuin Universit

    A case of pulmonary arterial hypertension complicated by anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis and systemic sclerosis

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    Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare complication of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV). We report a 37-year-old man with PAH complicated by both AAV and SSc who presented with dyspnea, cardiac enlargement, positive myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA, anti-centromere antibodies, proteinuria, and urinary casts. Elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (58/22/34 mmHg) and low PAWP (2 mmHg) were confirmed by right heart catheterization. Treatment with glucocorticoids (GC) decreased urinary protein and serum MPO-ANCA; however, PAH did not respond to GC. Therefore, a combination of beraprost, bosentan, and tadalafil was needed. The differences in responses to GC suggest that the pathophysiology of nephropathy is different from that of PAH. We considered that nephropathy was associated with AAV but that PAH was associated with SSc in the present case. We discuss the pathophysiology and treatment response of PAH complicated by AAV, referring to nine past cases

    Non-destructive separation of metal ions from wastewater containing excess aminopolycarboxylate chelant in solution with an ion-selective immobilized macrocyclic material

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    金沢倧孊理工研究域物質化孊系Although the excellent metal-binding capacities of aminopolycarboxylate chelants (APCs) facilitate their extensive use, pre- and post-toxicity of APCs and their high persistence in aquatic environments evoke concerns. Several treatment techniques with a principal focus on the degradation of APCs at the pre-release step have been proposed. Here, we report a technique for the separation of metal ions from waste solution containing excess APCs using a solid phase extraction system with an ion-selective immobilized macrocyclic material, commonly known as a molecular recognition technology (MRT) gel. Synthetic metal solutions with 100-fold chelant content housed in H2O matrices were used as samples. The MRT gel showed a higher recovery rate compared with other SPE materials at 20 °C using a flow rate of 0.2 mL min-1. The effects of solution pH, metal-chelant stability constants and ionic radii were assessed for 32 metals. Compared to the conventional treatment options for such waste solutions, our proposed technique has the advantage of non-destructive separation of both metal ions and chelants. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

    Separation of dissolved iron from the aqueous system with excess ligand

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    金沢倧孊理工研究域物質化孊系A new technique for the separation and pre-concentration of dissolved Fe(III) from the ligand-rich aqueous system is proposed. A solid phase extraction (SPE) system with an immobilized macrocyclic material, commonly known as molecular recognition technology (MRT) gel and available commercially, was used. Synthetic Fe(III) solution in aqueous matrices spiked with a 100-fold concentration of EDTA was used. Dissolved iron that was \u27captured\u27 by the MRT gel was eluted using hydrochloric acid and subsequently determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of different variables, such as pH, reagent concentration, flow rate and interfering ions, on the recovery of analyte was investigated. Quantitative maximum separation (~100%) of the dissolved Fe(III) from synthetic aqueous solutions at a natural pH range was observed at a flow rate of 0.2mLmin-1. The extraction efficiency of the MRT gel is largely unaltered by the coexisting ions commonly found in natural water. When compared with different SPE materials, the separation performance of MRT gel is also much higher. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd

    Prescription trend and lactic acidosis in patients prescribed metformin before and after the revision of package insert for allowing metformin administration to patients with moderately decreased kidney function based on real-world data from MID-NET® in Japan

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    IntroductionThis study was conducted to understand the impact of package insert (PI) revision in Japan on 18 June 2019 to allow metformin use for patients with moderately decreased kidney function (30 ≀ estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2).MethodsA new user cohort design was employed to examine the prescription trend and the occurrence of lactic acidosis in patients prescribed metformin before and after PI revision using the Medical Information Database Network (MID-NET®).ResultsFrom 12 May 2016 to 31 March 2020, 5,874 patients (before, n = 4,702; after, n = 1,172) were identified as new metformin users, including 1,145 patients (before, n = 914; after, n = 231) with moderately decreased kidney function. Although no marked changes in metformin prescription were observed before and after PI revision, the daily metformin dose at the first prescription decreased after PI revision. For both before and after PI revision, less than 10 cases of lactic acidosis occurred in all patients prescribed metformin, and no lactic acidosis was observed in patients with moderately decreased kidney function.ConclusionThe results of this study are useful for understanding the safety of metformin use in patients with decreased kidney function and suggest no worse impacts of PI revision in Japan, indicating no further safety concerns on metformin use in patients with moderately decreased kidney function under the situation with careful use and safety monitoring of metformin

    Initial experience with contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in follow up assessment of small breast cancer treated by cryoablation

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    BackgroundCryoablation (CA) is a nonsurgical focal therapy for small tumours. To detect residual or relapsed tumour after CA of renal cancer, contrast-enhanced imaging is generally used to identify tumour blood flow, but no definitive criteria are established for such follow-up after CA of breast cancer.AimsThe aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for assessing residual tumours and local relapse following CA of small breast cancers.Methods We enrolled 4 patients treated by CA at our institution between January 2015 and December 2016 for luminal A breast cancer with maximum tumour size of 1.5cm and neither distant metastasis nor metastatic findings in sentinel lymph node biopsy, who underwent CEUS and MR imaging before CA. In addition to our standard postoperative follow-up for breast cancer, these patients underwent CEUS every 3 months and MR imaging every 6 months after CA.Results Six months after CA, no patient showed enhancement at the lesion site on MR imaging, but there were two with continued enhancement on CEUS. They underwent vacuum-assisted breast biopsy under US guidance followed by histopathological examination of tissue that identified no malignancy.ConclusionOur findings of focal enhancement within ablated breast tissue in CEUS after CA is likely attributable to the much higher sensitivity of CEUS to that of other modalities to even slight vascularization. Further investigation in more patients is needed to clarify the utility of CEUS to detect residual or relapsed tumour after CA of small breast cancer

    Research Activities in the Department of Nursing

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    Research activity at the Department of Nursing is overviewed from the point of research topics, the theme of the projects admitted for grant from the Ministry of Education and Science of Japan, and expected research topics, trying to clarify the needs and challenges of the Department from multilateral aspects in future research activities. The Department of Nursing, Aino University is currently divided into the five areas and further into 12 fields. On the other hand, according to the Scientific Research Grant Program (2015 fiscal year), the research topics in nursing science is subdivided into the five areas; a) basic nursing, b) clinical nursing, c) lifelong developmental nursing, d) elderly nursing, and e) community health nursing

    Extended investigations of isotope effects on ECRH plasma in LHD

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    Isotope effects of ECRH plasma in LHD were investigated in detail. A clear difference of transport and turbulence characteristics in H and D plasmas was found in the core region, with normalized radius ρ < 0.8 in high collisionality regime. On the other hand, differences of transport and turbulence were relatively small in low collisionality regime. Power balance analysis and neoclassical calculation showed a reduction of the anomalous contribution to electron and ion transport in D plasma compared with H plasma in the high collisionality regime. In core region, density modulation experiments also showed more reduced particle diffusion in D plasma than in H plasma, in the high collisionality regime. Ion scale turbulence was clearly reduced at ρ < 0.8 in high collisionality regime in D plasma compared with H plasma. The gyrokinetic linear analyses showed that the dominant instability ρ = 0.5 and 0.8 were ion temperature gradient mode (ITG). The linear growth rate of ITG was reduced in D plasma than in H plasma in high collisionality regime. This is due to the lower normalized ITG and density gradient. More hollowed density profile in D plasma is likely to be the key control parameter. Present analyses suggest that anomalous process play a role to make hollower density profiles in D plasma rather than neoclassical process. Electron scale turbulence were also investigated from the measurements and linear gyrokinetic simulations
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