6,223 research outputs found
Subverting sterols: rerouting an oxysterol-signaling pathway to promote tumor growth.
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are generated enzymatically or through autoxidation. Initially identified as important lipid signaling molecules in the context of atherosclerosis and inflammation, accumulated evidence indicates that these lipid-signaling molecules can have pleiotropic effects on the fate and function of the immune system. These effects range from the regulation of immune cell survival and proliferation to chemotaxis and antiviral immunity. New studies now indicate that tumor-derived oxysterols can serve to subvert the immune system by recruiting protumorigenic neutrophils into the tumor microenvironment. The consequence of this recruitment is the generation of proangiogenic factors and matrix metalloproteinase proteins that provide a tumor a significant growth and survival advantage. In combination with other recent studies, these data highlight the ongoing cross talk between sterol metabolism and the immune system, and they raise the intriguing possibility that targeting oxysterol pathways could serve as a novel therapeutic approach in the war on cancer
Experimental validation of the mechanical coupling response for hygro-thermally curvature-stable laminated composite materials
Stacking sequence configurations for hygro-thermally curvature-stable (HTCS) laminates have recently been identified in 9 classes of coupled laminate with standard ply angle orientations +45, "1245, 0 and 9
High-Redshift Superclustering of QSO Absorption Line Systems on 100 Mpc Scales
We have analyzed the clustering of C IV absorption line systems in an
extensive new catalog of heavy element QSO absorbers. The catalog permits
exploration of clustering over a large range in both scale (from about 1 to
over 300 Mpc) and redshift (z from 1.2 to 4.5). We find significant evidence
(5.0 sigma) that C IV absorbers are clustered on comoving scales of 100 Mpc and
less --- similar to the size of voids and walls found in galaxy redshift
surveys of the local universe --- with a mean correlation function over these scales. We find, on these scales, that the mean
correlation function at low (z=1.7), medium (z=2.4), and high redshift (z=3.0)
is , , and , respectively.
Thus, the superclustering is present even at high redshift; furthermore, it
does not appear that the superclustering scale, in comoving coordinates, has
changed significantly since then. We find 7 QSOs with rich groups of absorbers
(potential superclusters) that account for a significant portion of the
clustering signal, with 2 at redshift . We find that the
superclustering is just as evident if we take instead of 0.5;
however, the inferred scale of clustering is then 240 Mpc , which is larger
than the largest scales of clustering known at present. This discrepancy may be
indicative of a larger value of , and hence . The evolution of
the correlation function on 50 Mpc scales is consistent with that expected in
cosmologies with density parameter ranging from 0.1 to 1.
Finally, we find no evidence for clustering on scales greater than 100 Mpc
() or 240 Mpc ().Comment: 16 LaTeX pages with 3 encapsulated Postscript figures included, uses
AASTeX (v. 4.0) available at ftp://ftp.aas.org/pubs/ , to appear in The
Astrophysical Journal Letter
Local and global properties of conformally flat initial data for black hole collisions
We study physical properties of conformal initial value data for single and
binary black hole configurations obtained using conformal-imaging and
conformal-puncture methods. We investigate how the total mass M_tot of a
dataset with two black holes depends on the configuration of linear or angular
momentum and separation of the holes. The asymptotic behavior of M_tot with
increasing separation allows us to make conclusions about an unphysical
``junk'' gravitation field introduced in the solutions by the conformal
approaches. We also calculate the spatial distribution of scalar invariants of
the Riemann tensor which determine the gravitational tidal forces. For single
black hole configurations, these are compared to known analytical solutions.
Spatial distribution of the invariants allows us to make certain conclusions
about the local distribution of the additional field in the numerical datasets
Slice Stretching Effects for Maximal Slicing of a Schwarzschild Black Hole
Slice stretching effects such as slice sucking and slice wrapping arise when
foliating the extended Schwarzschild spacetime with maximal slices. For
arbitrary spatial coordinates these effects can be quantified in the context of
boundary conditions where the lapse arises as a linear combination of odd and
even lapse. Favorable boundary conditions are then derived which make the
overall slice stretching occur late in numerical simulations. Allowing the
lapse to become negative, this requirement leads to lapse functions which
approach at late times the odd lapse corresponding to the static Schwarzschild
metric. Demanding in addition that a numerically favorable lapse remains
non-negative, as result the average of odd and even lapse is obtained. At late
times the lapse with zero gradient at the puncture arising for the puncture
evolution is precisely of this form. Finally, analytic arguments are given on
how slice stretching effects can be avoided. Here the excision technique and
the working mechanism of the shift function are studied in detail.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, revised version including a study on how slice
stretching can be avoided by using excision and/or shift
A Liquid Model Analogue for Black Hole Thermodynamics
We are able to characterize a 2--dimensional classical fluid sharing some of
the same thermodynamic state functions as the Schwarzschild black hole. This
phenomenological correspondence between black holes and fluids is established
by means of the model liquid's pair-correlation function and the two-body
atomic interaction potential. These latter two functions are calculated exactly
in terms of the black hole internal (quasilocal) energy and the isothermal
compressibility. We find the existence of a ``screening" like effect for the
components of the liquid.Comment: 20 pages and 6 Encapsulated PostScript figure
Modelling Time-varying Dark Energy with Constraints from Latest Observations
We introduce a set of two-parameter models for the dark energy equation of
state (EOS) to investigate time-varying dark energy. The models are
classified into two types according to their boundary behaviors at the redshift
and their local extremum properties. A joint analysis based on
four observations (SNe + BAO + CMB + ) is carried out to constrain all the
models. It is shown that all models get almost the same and the cosmological parameters with the
best-fit results , although the constraint results on two
parameters and the allowed regions for the EOS are
sensitive to different models and a given extra model parameter. For three of
Type I models which have similar functional behaviors with the so-called CPL
model, the constrained two parameters and have negative correlation
and are compatible with the ones in CPL model, and the allowed regions of
get a narrow node at . The best-fit results from the most
stringent constraints in Model Ia give which may compare with the best-fit results in the CPL model. For four of
Type II models which have logarithmic function forms and an extremum point, the
allowed regions of are found to be sensitive to different models and a
given extra parameter. It is interesting to obtain two models in which two
parameters and are strongly correlative and appropriately reduced
to one parameter by a linear relation .Comment: 30 pages, 7 figure
Detecting cold gas at intermediate redshifts: GMRT survey using Mg II systems
Intervening HI 21-cm absorption systems at z > 1.0 are very rare and only 4
confirmed detections have been reported in the literature. Despite their
scarcity, they provide interesting and unique insights into the physical
conditions in the interstellar medium of high-z galaxies. Moreover, they can
provide independent constraints on the variation of fundamental constants. We
report 3 new detections based on our ongoing Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
(GMRT) survey for 21-cm absorbers at 1.10< z_abs< 1.45 from candidate damped
Lyman_alpha systems. The 21-cm lines are narrow for the z_abs = 1.3710 system
towards SDSS J0108-0037 and z_abs = 1.1726 system toward SDSS J2358-1020. Based
on line full-width at half maximum, the kinetic temperatures are <= 5200 K and
<=800 K, respectively. The 21-cm absorption profile of the third system, z_abs
=1.1908 system towards SDSS J0804+3012, is shallow, broad and complex,
extending up to 100 km/s. The centroids of the 21-cm lines are found to be
shifted with respect to the corresponding centroids of the metal lines derived
from SDSS spectra. This may mean that the 21-cm absorption is not associated
with the strongest metal line component.Comment: 13 pages with 5 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ
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