Human Interaction and Disturbance of Denning Polar Bears on Alaska’s North Slope

Across the central coast of Alaska’s North Slope, human-polar bear interactions concern both industry and wildlife managers alike. In response to sea ice reductions due to climate change, parturient polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation are increasingly accessing coastal topography for suitable denning habitat. Land-denning bears are more susceptible to anthropogenic stressors, chiefly in areas with high levels of energy exploration, extraction, and production. For over 30 years, denning polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation have been monitored directly or through opportunistic observations. Scientists have opportunistically recorded polar bear responses to aircraft, snow machines, track vehicles, heavy machinery, trucks, dogs, and humans afoot within the denning area. The long-term nature of this work and associated human-bear interaction observations represent a unique dataset that provides insight to wildlife managers into the way polar bears have responded to anthropogenic stimuli in active oil fields. Our objective here is to analyze the different disturbance stimuli at den sites and the associated bear responses. To do so, we subdivided potential stimuli into four groups based on the size, noise levels, and motion of each. Both field notes and video recordings of interactions were analyzed and ranked by response intensity where available. We found significant probabilities for disturbance among all stimulus classes, with aircraft showing the highest potential for initiating den abandonment. However, while all human activities elicited varying degrees of response, the overall response intensity was less than anticipated, even under high-use scenarios. Our data indicate that the current guideline of a 1.6 km (1 mile) buffer zone effectively minimizes disturbance to denning polar bears. These data will provide both wildlife managers and industry with information that can be used to promote polar bear conservation through minimizing disturbance and informing the development of alternative actions for dealing with bears denned near industrial activity.Le long de la côte centrale de la North Slope de l’Alaska, les interactions entre les humains et les ours polaires concernent tant l’industrie que les gestionnaires de la faune. En raison de la réduction de la glace de mer découlant du changement climatique, les ourses polaires parturientes (Ursus maritimus) faisant partie de la sous-population du sud de la mer de Beaufort optent de plus en plus souvent pour la topographie côtière pour trouver un habitat adéquat de mise bas. Les ourses aux tanières maternelles côtières sont plus sensibles aux agents stressants anthropiques, surtout dans les aires exigeant beaucoup d’énergie pour l’exploration, l’extraction et la production. Depuis plus de 30 ans, la sous-population d’ourses polaires en tanières du sud de la mer de Beaufort fait l’objet d’une surveillance directe ou d’observations fortuites. Opportunément, les scientifiques ont réussi à consigner la réaction d’ours polaires aux aéronefs, aux motoneiges, aux véhicules à chenilles, à la machinerie lourde, aux camions, aux chiens et aux humains à pied traversant les aires de tanières. La nature à long terme de ce travail et l’observation des interactions connexes entre les humains et les ours fournissent un ensemble de données unique qui permet aux gestionnaires de la faune d’obtenir des connaissances sur la façon dont les ours polaires réagissent aux stimuli anthropiques dans les champs pétrolifères actifs. Notre objectif consiste à analyser les différents stimuli de perturbation aux aires de tanières et les réactions connexes des ourses. Pour ce faire, nous avons subdivisé les stimuli potentiels en quatre groupes, en fonction de l’ampleur, du niveau sonore et du déplacement de chacun. Nous avons analysé les notes prises sur le terrain et les enregistrements vidéo des interactions, et les avons classés en fonction de l’intensité de la réaction, lorsque celle-ci était apparente. Nous avons constaté d’importantes probabilités de perturbation au sein de toutes les classes de stimuli, les aéronefs présentant les plus grandes possibilités d’abandon des tanières. Cependant, bien que toutes les activités humaines aient entraîné des réactions de degrés variés, l’intensité de la réaction globale était moindre que prévu, même pour les scénarios de grande utilisation. Selon nos données, la directive actuelle faisant appel à une zone tampon de 1,6 km (1 mille) minimise efficacement la perturbation des ourses polaires en tanières. Grâce à ces données, les gestionnaires de la faune et l’industrie disposeront d’information dont ils pourront se servir pour promouvoir la conservation des ours polaires, et ce, en minimisant les perturbations et en éclairant l’élaboration de mesures de rechange pour s’attaquer à la question des ourses dont la tanière se trouve près d’activités industrielles

Polar Bear Aerial Survey in the Eastern Chukchi Sea: A Pilot Study

Alaska has two polar bear populations: the Southern Beaufort Sea population, shared with Canada, and the Chukchi/Bering Seas population, shared with Russia. Currently a reliable population estimate for the Chukchi/Bering Seas population does not exist. Land-based aerial and mark-recapture population surveys may not be possible in the Chukchi Sea because variable ice conditions, the limited range of helicopters, extremely large polar bear home ranges, and severe weather conditions may limit access to remote areas. Thus line-transect aerial surveys from icebreakers may be the best available tool to monitor this polar bear stock. In August 2000, a line-transect survey was conducted in the eastern Chukchi Sea and western Beaufort Sea from helicopters based on a U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker under the "Ship of Opportunity" program. The objectives of this pilot study were to estimate polar bear density in the eastern Chukchi and western Beaufort Seas and to assess the logistical feasibility of using ship-based aerial surveys to develop polar bear population estimates. Twenty-nine polar bears in 25 groups were sighted on 94 transects (8257 km). The density of bears was estimated as 1 bear per 147 km² (CV = 38%). Additional aerial surveys in late fall, using dedicated icebreakers, would be required to achieve the number of sightings, survey effort, coverage, and precision needed for more effective monitoring of population trends in the Chukchi Sea.L'Alaska a deux populations d'ours polaires : celle du sud de la mer de Beaufort, commune avec le Canada, et celle de la mer des Tchouktches / mer de Béring, commune avec la Russie. À l'heure actuelle, on ne possède pas d'estimation fiable de la population de la mer des Tchouktches / mer de Béring. En raison des conditions variables de la glace, de la portée limitée des hélicoptères, de la très grande étendue du domaine vital de l'ours polaire et des conditions météorologiques particulièrement mauvaises - facteurs qui limitent l'accès aux régions éloignées -, il n'est peut-être pas possible d'effectuer des relevés aériens à base terrestre de la population ou des relevés par marquage-recapture. Le meilleur outil disponible pour une surveillance continue de cette population d'ours polaires semble donc être le relevé de transects effectué depuis les airs par un appareil embarqué sur un brise-glace. En août 2000, un relevé de transect a été effectué dans l'est de la mer des Tchouktches et dans l'ouest de la mer de Beaufort depuis des hélicoptères embarqués sur un brise-glace de la garde côtière américaine sous les auspices du programme des navires de passage. Les objectifs de cette étude pilote étaient d'estimer la densité de l'ours polaire dans l'est de la mer des Tchouktches et l'ouest de la mer de Beaufort, et d'évaluer la faisabilité logistique de l'utilisation d'hélicoptères embarqués pour établir des estimations de la population d'ours polaires. Vingt-neuf ours polaires répartis en 25 groupes ont été aperçus dans 94 transects (8257 km). La densité des ours était évaluée à 1 animal par 147 km² (CV = 38 %). Il faudrait réaliser d'autres relevés aériens à la fin de l'automne, en ayant recours à des brise-glace spécialisés, pour en arriver au nombre d'observations, aux activités de relevés, à la couverture et à la précision nécessaires à une surveillance plus efficace des tendances démographiques dans la mer des Tchouktches

Is the gravitational action additive?

The gravitational action is not always additive in the usual sense. We provide a general prescription for the change in action that results when different portions of the boundary of a spacetime are topologically identified. We discuss possible implications for the superposition law of quantum gravity. We present a definition of `generalized additivity' which does hold for arbitrary spacetime composition.Comment: 20 pages LaTeX file, report numbers UMD-PP 94-100 and Alberta Thy 10-9

Low forced expiratory volume is associated with blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress in a community sample of middle-aged men and women

It has been argued recently that blunted cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress have adverse behavioural and health corollaries that reflect dysregulation of the neural systems that support motivation. We examined the association between cardiovascular reactions to a standard stress task, the paced auditory serial arithmetic rest, and forced expiratory volume in one second, an effort, hence motivation, dependent assessment of lung function measured by spirometry. Low forced expiratory volume, expressed as a ratio to height squared was associated with blunted heart rate, but not blood pressure, stress reactivity, r = .17, p < .001. The association survived adjustment for smoking, a range of anthropometric and sociodemographic covariates, resting heart rate and stress task performance, β = .11, p = .005. As such, our results provide support for the hypothesis that blunted stress reactivity may be a peripheral marker of a dysfunction in the brain systems that support motivated behaviour

Heart rate reactivity is associated with future cognitive ability and cognitive change in a large community sample

The relationship between cardiovascular reactions to acute mental challenge in the laboratory and cognitive ability has received scant attention. The present study examined the association between reactivity and future cognitive ability. Heart rate and blood pressure reactions to a mental stress task were measured in 1647 participants comprising three distinct age cohorts. Cognitive ability was assessed using the Alice Heim-4 test of general intelligence and choice reaction time five and 12 years later. High heart rate reactivity was related to higher general intelligence scores and faster choice reaction times at both follow-ups. High heart rate reactivity was also associated with a smaller decline in cognitive ability between assessments. These associations were still evident following adjustment for a wide range of potentially confounding variables. The present results are consistent with the notion that high reactivity may not always be a maladaptive response and that low or blunted reactivity may also have negative corollaries

Crop Updates 2008 - Farming Systems

This session covers thirty nine papers from different authors: PLENARY 1. Developments in grain end use, Dr John de Majnik, New Grain Products, GRDC, Mr Paul Meibusch, New Farm Products and Services, GRDC, Mr Vince Logan, New Products Executive Manager, GRDC PRESENTATIONS 2. Global warming potential of wheat production in Western Australia: A life cycle assessment, Louise Barton1, Wahid Biswas2 and Daniel Carter3, 1School of Earth & Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 2Centre of Excellence in Cleaner Production, Division of Science and Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, 3Department of Agriculture and Food 3. How much fuel does your farm use for different farm operations? Nicolyn Short1, Jodie Bowling1, Glen Riethmuller1, James Fisher2 and Moin Salam1, 1Department of Agriculture and Food, 2Muresk Institute, Curtin University of Technology 4. Poor soil water storage and soil constraints are common in WA cropping soils, Stephen Davies, Jim Dixon, Dennis Van Gool and Alison Slade, Department of Agriculture and Food, Bob Gilkes, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia 5. Developing potential adaptations to climate change for low rainfall farming system using economic analysis tool. STEP, Megan Abrahams, Caroline Peek, Dennis Van Gool, Daniel Gardiner and Kari-Lee Falconer, Department of Agriculture and Food 6. What soil limitations affect the profitability of claying on non-wetting sandplain soils? David Hall1, Jeremy Lemon1, Harvey Jones1, Yvette Oliver2 and Tania Butler1, 1Department of Agriculture and Food, 2CSIRO Div Sustainable Ecology, Perth 7. Farming systems adapting to a variable climate; Two case studies, Kari-Lee Falconer, Department of Agriculture and Food 8. Importance of accounting for variation in crop yield potential when making fertiliser decisions, Michael Robertson and Yvette Oliver, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Floreat 9. Soil acidity is a widespread problem across the Avon River Basin, Stephen Carr1, Chris Gazey2, David York1 and Joel Andrew1, 1Precision SoilTech, 2Department of Agriculture and Food 10. The use of soil testing kits and ion-selective electrodes for the analysis of plant available nutrients in Western Australian soils, Michael Simeoni and Bob Gilkes School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, University of Western Australia 11. Redlegged earth mite resistance and integrated strategies for their control in Western Australia, Mangano G. Peter and Micic Svetlana, Department of Agriculture and Food 12. The economics of treating soil pH (liming), Chris Gazey, Steve Davies, Dave Gartner and Adam Clune, Department of Agriculture and Food, 13. Health benefits – A future differentiator for high value grains, Matthew Morell, Theme Leader, CSIRO Food Futures Flagship 14. Carbon in Sustralian cropping soils – We need to be realistic, Alan Umbers (M Rur Sc), GRDC/DAFF Sustainable Industries Initiative Project 15. AGWEST® Bartolo bladder clover (Trifolium spumosum) − a low cost annual pasture legume for the wheat/sheep zone, Angelo Loi, Brad Nutt and Clinton Revell, Department of Agriculture and Food 16. Maximising the value of point based soil sampling: Monitering trends in soil pH through time, Joel Andrew1, David York1, Stephen Carr1 and Chris Gazey2, 1Precision SoilTech, 2Department of Agriculture and Food 17. Improved crop root growth and productivity with deep ripping and deep placed lime, Stephen Davies1, Geoff Kew2*, Chris Gazey1, David Gartner1 and Adam Clune1, 1Department of Agriculture and Food, 2School of Earth and Geographical Sciences University of Western Australia, *Presenting author 18. The role of pastures in hosting Root Lesion Nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus neglectus), Vivien Vanstone, Ali Bhatti and Ming Pei You, Department of Agriculture and Food 19. To rip or not to rip. When does it pay? Imma Farre, Bill Bowden and Stephen Davies, Department of Agriculture and Food 20. Can yield be predicted from remotely sensed data, Henry Smolinski, Jane Speijers and John Bruce, Department of Agriculture and Food 21. Rotations for profit, David McCarthy and Gary Lang, Facey Group, Wickepin, WA 22. Rewriting rules for the new cropping economics, David Rees, Consultant, Albany 23. Reducing business risk in Binnu! – A case study, Rob Grima, Department of Agriculture and Food 24. Does improved ewe management offer grain farmers much extra profit? John Young, Farming Systems Analysis Service, Ross Kingwell, Department of Agriculture and Food, and UWA, Chris Oldham, Department of Agriculture and Food RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 25. Crop establishment and productivity with improved root zone drainage, Dr Derk Bakker, Research Officer, Department of Agriculture and Food 26. Will wheat production in Western Australia be more risky in the future? Imma Farre and Ian Foster, Department of Agriculture and Food PAPERS 27. Building farmers’ adaptive capacity to manage seasonal variability and climate change, David Beard, Department of Agriculture and Food 28. Precision placement increases crop phosphorus uptake under variable rainfall: Simulation studies, Wen Chen1 2, Richard Bell1, Bill Bowden2, Ross Brennan2, Art Diggle2 and Reg Lunt2, 1School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, 2Department of Agriculture and Food 29. What is the role of grain legumes on red soil farms? Rob Grima, Department of Agriculture and Food 30. Fertiliser placement influences plant growth and seed yield of grain crops at different locations of WA, Qifu Ma1, Zed Rengel1, Bill Bowden2, Ross Brennan2, Reg Lunt2 and Tim Hilder2, 1Soil Science & Plant Nutrition, University of Western Australia, 2Department of Agriculture and Food 31. A review of pest and disease occurrences for 2007, Peter Mangano and Dusty Severtson, Department of Agriculture and Food 32. Effect of stocking rates on grain yield and quality of wheat in Western Australia in 2007, Shahajahan Miyan, Sam Clune, Barb Sage and Tenielle Martin, Department of Agriculture and Food 33. Storing grain is not ‘set and forget’ management, Chris Newman, Department of Agriculture and Food 34. Improving understanding of soil plant available water capacity (PAWC): The WA soil water database (APSoil), Yvette Oliver, Neal Dalgliesh and Michael Robertson, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems 35. The impact of management decisions in drought on a low rainfall northern wheatbelt farm, Caroline Peek and Andrew Blake, Department of Agriculture and Food 37. Cullen – A native pasture legume shows promise for the low-medium rainfall cropping zone, Megan Ryan, Richard Bennett, Tim Colmer, Daniel Real, Jiayin Pang, Lori Kroiss, Dion Nicol and Tammy Edmonds-Tibbett, School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia and Future Farm Industries CRC 38. Climate risk management tools – useful, or just another gadget? Lisa Sherriff, Kari-Lee Falconer, Daniel Gardiner and Ron McTaggart Department of Agriculture and Food 39. Benefits of crop rotation for management of Root Lesion Nematode (RLN, Pratylenchus neglectus), Vivien Vanstone, Sean Kelly and Helen Hunter, Department of Agriculture and Foo

Capital accounting for neighbourhood sustainability Housing and regeneration of coalfield communities

Includes bibliographical referencesAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:m03/24348 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Fire management for biodiversity conservation: Key research questions and our capacity to answer them

Knowing how species respond to fire regimes is essential for ecologically sustainable management. This axiom raises two important questions: (1) what knowledge is the most important to develop and (2) to what extent can current research methods deliver that knowledge? We identify three areas of required knowledge: (i) a mechanistic understanding of species&rsquo; responses to fire regimes; (ii) knowledge of how the spatial and temporal arrangement of fires influences the biota; and (iii) an understanding of interactions of fire regimes with other processes. We review the capacity of empirical research to address these knowledge gaps, and reveal many limitations. Manipulative experiments are limited by the number and scope of treatments that can be applied, natural experiments are limited by treatment availability and confounding factors, and longitudinal studies are difficult to maintain, particularly due to unplanned disturbance events. Simulation modelling is limited by the quality of the underlying empirical data and by uncertainty in how well model structure represents reality. Due to the constraints on large-scale, long-term research, the potential for management experiments to inform adaptive management is limited. Rather than simply recommending adaptive management, we define a research agenda to maximise the rate of learning in this difficult field. This includes measuring responses at a species level, building capacity to implement natural experiments, undertaking simulation modelling, and judicious application of experimental approaches. Developing ecologically sustainable fire management practices will require sustained research effort and a sophisticated research agenda based on carefully targeting appropriate methods to address critical management questions.<br /