Social coherence in a global world

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Making the Right Time: the transition to motherhood in contemporary Chile

Despite significant changes in gender roles and fertility patterns, most women become mothers and this experience shapes their identities and lives in meaningful ways. As important as whether or not women have children, is when they become mothers. Prevalent studies on the timing of the transition to motherhood tend to neglect women’s views and experiences, provide disembedded and binary accounts of time and agency, and disregard an in-depth analysis of time. In this thesis, I draw on conceptual elements from sociology, the life course perspective, and gender and feminist theories to address the ways in which women understand, experience and make the timing of the transition to motherhood in contemporary Chile. This research is framed within a constructivist paradigm, an interpretive epistemology, and a qualitative research design, and is based on life story interviews with 40 women from urban Santiago de Chile. The findings of this thesis reveal that making the right time in the transition to motherhood is shaped by the politics of choice and the multidimensional nature of time. In becoming mothers, women have to resolve cultural contradictions of agency regarding pregnancy and fertility. While neoliberal and postfeminist ideologies outline women as free, equal, and responsible to determine when to have children, in practice, their choices remain constrained by gender norms, restrictions to reproductive agency, and social inequalities. In becoming mothers, women also have to reconcile multiple ontologies of time, conflicting age norms and the sequence of the life course. This involves negotiating the influence of nature and God, the boundaries of the biological clock, the risks of ‘early’ and ‘late’ childbearing, and the delay of motherhood. By challenging binary understandings of the relationship between time and agency, this thesis unveils the complexities and nuances of lived experiences of timing the transition to motherhood, and advances theoretical and empirical knowledge on the intersections between motherhood, time and agency

Vulnérabilité des systèmes d’approvisionnement en Eau Face aux Risques Climatiques en Zone Soudano-Sahélienne : Cas De Mogode, Extrême-Nord Cameroun

Les évènements climatiques extrêmes affectent négativement les systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau en Afrique sub-saharienne et menacent la sécurité en eau des populations rurales. Cet article contribue à déterminer les facteurs à risque climatique et à évaluer la vulnérabilité des dispositifs d’approvisionnement en eau aux extrêmes climatiques dans l’arrondissement de Mogodé, situé en zone soudano-sahélienne du Cameroun. L’approche méthodologique bottom-up basée sur la perception des usagers de l’eau a consisté à collecter des données à l’aide d’interviews semi-structurés, complétés par des observations directes et des prises au GPS. Les impacts du changement climatique projeté ont été utilisés pour prédire l’impact du changement climatique sur l’approvisionnement en eau dans la zone.Les résultats indiquent que les sécheresses et les inondations sont perçues comme les facteurs à risque climatique majeurs affectant l’eau dans la zone d’étude. Les inondations détruisent les infrastructures d’eau tandis que les sécheresses réduisent la ressource en eau disponible et de ce fait augmentent l’insécurité de l’eau. Les puits, les forages et les sources constituent la quasi-totalité des dispositifs d’eau potable existants. Les puits et les sources, regroupant 75 % des systèmes, sont très vulnérables auxdits facteurs identifiés. Tandis que les forages, plus résilients, sont assez peu représentés à cause du coût élevé d’installation qui limite leur large diffusion en milieu rural. Les impacts projetés des changements climatiques prévoient des sécheresses et des inondations plus intenses qui réduiraient considérablement l’accès à l’eau potable dans la partie soudano-sahélienne du Cameroun. C’est ainsi qu’il sera judicieux de renforcer la protection des dispositifs en place pour augmenter leur résilience aux inondations. A court terme, il est préconisé des technologies résilientes. A long terme, la solution durable serait d’intégrer une gestion adaptative de la ressource en eau au niveau des bassins versants pour augmenter l’infiltration et réduire le ruissèlement.Mots clé : Risque climatique, systèmes d’approvisionnement en eau, vulnérabilité, technologies résilientes au climat, gestion intégrée et adaptativeEnglish AbstractExtreme climatic events negatively affect domestic water supply systems in sub Saharan Africa and threaten the water security of rural populations. The objective of this paper was to determine the risk factors and the vulnerability of domestic water supply systems to climate extremes in the soudanosahelian zone of Cameroon. The study was conducted in Mogode subdivision in the Far North Region of Cameroon using a bottom up approach based on the perception of the population. Data was collected using a semi structured questionnaire administered to water users. This was complemented with direct observations, geo-referencing of the study site and existing analysis of climate change in the area. The impacts of projected climate change on the zone were used to predict the impact of climate change on water supply in the area.The results indicate that droughts and floods are the most important climate risk factors affecting domestic water supply in the study area. Floods damage water infrastructures while droughts reduce the available water resources and hence increase water insecurity. Most of the water supply systems found in the area are either wells, boreholes or springs. Wells and springs, constitute more than 75 % of the systems and are highly vulnerable to the identified high-risks factors. Boreholes are more resilient but their high construction costs, limits their widespread use in rural areas. The projected impact of more intense floods and droughts due to climate change will further reduce access to water supply in this part of Cameroon. It is therefore recommended that existing water systems should be reinforced with protective barriers to increase resilience to floods. In the short run, more resilient systems should be envisaged for new rural water supply projects. A sustainable solution in the long run is integrated and adaptive water management at the level of water catchments to increase infiltration and reduce the runoff.Keywords: Climatic Risk, Water Supply Systems, Vulnerability, Climate Resilient Technologies, Integrated and Adaptive Managemen

The Biological Clock: Age, Risk, and the Biopolitics of Reproductive Time

Funder: Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002848Funder: Cambridge Commonwealth, European and International Trust; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003343AbstractThe present article explores the social and subjective dimensions of the biological clock and its implications for reproductive time through a qualitative study based on 40 life story interviews of women from Santiago de Chile. Although the narrative of the biological clock has become a prevalent frame for addressing reproductive time in the context of late childbearing, age-related infertility, and the use of assisted reproductive technologies, few studies engage in an in-depth analysis of the biological clock—its boundaries, dynamics, and the particular ways in which it shapes women’s views and experiences of reproductive time. The present article aims to advance current knowledge on the intersection of time, reproduction, and biopolitics by arguing that the biological clock regulates reproductive time by shaping the boundaries and dynamics of female fertility through the clock. By determining reproductive time as quantitative, standardised, linear, and irreversible and by outlining the passing of time through pressure, risk, and burden, the biological clock determines when it is possible and desirable to have children and regulates reproduction, gender, and the female life course. These findings highlight the importance of critically addressing the narrative of the biological clock and its implications for women’s views and experiences of reproductive time.</jats:p

El tiempo de las mujeres en Chile: repensar la agencia

En las sociedades contemporáneas, un conjunto de transformaciones sociales y culturales han vuelto problemáticos el uso y distribución del tiempo en la vida cotidiana de las mujeres. En Chile, los estudios sobre el tiempo han contribuido a visibilizar los problemas que las mujeres enfrentan en la gestión del tiempo en su vida cotidiana, pero han relegado a un segundo plano la relevancia de la agencia para la experiencia temporal. Este artículo introduce el concepto trabajo temporal para mostrar empíricamente las estrategias que las mujeres chilenas despliegan en la configuración de su experiencia del tiempo en la vida cotidiana. Se concluye que, a pesar de la relevancia de la agencia para la experiencia temporal de las mujeres en Chile, ésta continuaría siendo ampliamente determinada por las desigualdades y asimetrías de la organización social del tiempo y sus contradicciones relacionales, institucionales y estructurales.In contemporary societies, a set of social and cultural transformations has made the use and distribution of time in the everyday life of women problematic. In Chile, studies of time have contributed to making visible the problems that women face in managing time in their daily lives, but have relegated the relevance of agency for temporal experience to a position of secondary importance. This article introduces the concept of temporal work to show empirically the strategies that Chilean women deploy in the configuration of their experience of time in everyday life. It concludes that, despite the relevance of agency for women’s experience of the temporal in Chile, it will continue to be widely determined by the inequalities and asymmetries of the social organization of time and its contradictions in terms of relationships, institutions and structures.Nas sociedades contemporâneas, um conjunto de transformações sociais e culturais têm tornado problemáticos o uso e a distribuição do tempo na vida cotidiana das mulheres. No Chile, os estudos sobre o tempo vêm contribuindo para visualizar os problemas que as mulheres enfrentam na gestão do tempo na sua vida cotidiana, mas vêm relegando a um segundo plano a relevância da agência para a experiência temporal. Este artigo introduz o conceito trabalho temporal para mostrar empiricamente as estratégias que as mulheres chilenas realizam na configuração de sua experiência do tempo na vida cotidiana. Conclui-se que, apesar da relevância da agência para a experiência do temporal das mulheres no Chile, esta continuaria sendo amplamente determinada pelas desigualdades e assimetrias da organização social do tempo e por suas contradições relacionais, institucionais e estruturais

Survei Kejadian Hipertensi dan Kesehatan Ginjal pada Lansia di Dusun Bagongan, Desa Tolokan, Kecamatan Getasan, Kabupaten Semarang

Tidak diizinkan karya tersebut diunggah ke dalam aplikasi Repositori Perpustakaan Universitas.Hipertensi merupakan salah satu faktor yang berkontribusi pada penurunan fungsi ginjal. Prevalensi hipertensi di Indonesia pada tahun 2013 sebesar 25,8%. Kabupaten Semarang sendiri memiliki angka kejadian hipertensi sebesar 10,76%. Hipertensi merupakan penyakit yang berada pada urutan ke 2 dari 10 penyakit yang terjadi di Puskesmas Getasan. Penelitian ini merupakan studi penelitian survei untuk mengetahui kesehatan ginjal dan angka kejadian hipertensi di Dusun Tolokan, Desa Bagongan, Kecamatan Getasan, Kabupaten Semarang. Penelitian ini mengguakan pendekatan kuantitatif deskriptif, teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah lansia (berusia 60 tahun keatas). Metode pengambilan data menggunakan beberapa instrument penelitian untuk mengukur tekanan darah, denyut nadi, serta mengetahui kadar glukosa, protein dan pH urin. Analisis terhadap fungsi ginjal akan dilakukan dengan menghitung keseimbangan cairan melalui analisa kebutuhan cairan dan intake output selain itu, kesehatan ginjal juga akan dilihat melalui kadar pH, protein dan glukosa yang terdapat pada urine responden. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan angka kejadian hipertensi di Dusun Tolokan, Desa Bagongan Kecamatan Gertasan, Kabupaten Semarang dari 44 responden terdapat 41 % dengan Hipertensi tipe 1 dan 27 % dengan Hipertensi tipe 2. Analisis kesehatan ginjal pada lansia dengan Hipertensi tipe 1 dan 2 di Desa Bagongan mendapatkan hasil bahwa terdapat 1 responden dengan pH >8, 2 responden dengan urin yang positif mengandung glukosa serta 3 responden dengan kadar protein >10mg/dL3.Hypertension is one of the predisposition factors that affect on the decreasing of renal function. The prevalence of hypertension in 2013 is 25,8% in Indonesia. Semarang Regency itself has 10,76% number of incident. Hypertension hold the second high number from 10 disease happened in Puskesmas Getasan. This research is a survey study with a purpose of knowing renal health status and hypertension incident in Dusun Bagongan, Tolokan Village, Getasan District, Semarang Regency. This research use quantitative descriptive approach. In this research a purposive sampling technique are planned. The sample in this research are elderlypeople (age 60 above). The data collection method is using several research instruments to measure blood pressure, heart rate and to identified the amount of glucose, protein and pH in urine. The analysis of renal function will be done by measuring the water balance and compare it with the amount of glucose, protein and pH in respondent’s urine. The results of this study show the incidence of hypertension in Tolokan Hamlet, Bagongan Village, Getasan Subdistrict, Semarang Regency, from 44 respondents, 41% with type 1 Hypertension and 27% with Type 2 Hypertension. Analysis of kidney health in elderly with Hypertension type 1 and 2 in Bagongan get the results that there is 1 respondent with pH> 8, 2 respondents with positive urine containing glucose and 3 respondents with protein levels> 10mg / dL3

Enacting motherhood: time and social change in Chile

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Taylor & Francis via http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2016.1223619Motherhood is changing. An increasing number of women are deciding to remain childless, having fewer children, postponing their transition to motherhood, and simultaneously pursuing careers. These changes are deeply embedded in a reconfiguration of the times of motherhood. Although the intersection of motherhood and time has been widely acknowledged by gender and feminist studies, less attention has been paid to how in the making of motherhood women reproduce, negotiate and subvert time mandates and norms. This article aims to underscore the importance of time and how it relates to the enactment of motherhood in contemporary societies by analysing the planning, timing, sequencing, and simultaneity of the transition to motherhood in Chile. Through the analysis of 15 life story interviews with urban women from Santiago de Chile, this article addresses the intersection between social change, motherhood and time by showing how in the making of the transitions to motherhood women reproduce, negotiate and subvert traditional and emergent cultural mandates and social norms on the times of motherhood.This work was supported by Comisión Nacional de Investigación Cientifica y Tecnológica (CONICYT) Chile [grant Fondecyt N°1110402], and under the Programme Becas de Magíster en el Extranjero Becas Chile

Individuación y políticas sociales en Chile

Este artículo analiza los procesos de individuación de beneficiarios del Programa “Fondo Solidario de Vivienda” del Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, desde la experiencia nuevas propietarias en la comuna de Lo Espejo. A partir de un estudio de caso en el condominio “Los Parques”, este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre el vínculo que se establece entre los programas sociales y los procesos de autoafirmación en torno a las trayectorias habitacionales, contribuyendo así al debate entre subjetividad y políticas sociales en Chile. El análisis de los procesos de individuación nos conducirá a afirmar que la política social se constituye como un soporte vital en la consolidación de los proyectos biográficos vinculados a la vivienda, pero que al mismo tiempo, limita la construcción subjetiva de las trayectorias habitacionales y los procesos de autoafirmación individuales a partir de ellas.Cet article analyse les processus d’individuation des bénéficiaires du Programme “Fond Solidaire de Logement » du Ministère du Logement et Urbanisme, à partir de l’expérience de nouvelles propriétaires dans la commune de Lo Espejo. Partant d’une étude de cas dans le condominium « Los Parques », cet article expose une réflexion sur le lien qui s’établit entre les programmes sociaux et les processus d’auto-affirmation portant sur les trajectoires de logement, contribuant de la sorte au débat entre subjectivité et politiques sociales au Chili. L’analyse des processus d’individuation nous amène à affirmer que la politique sociale se constitue comme une plateforme vitale dans la consolidation de projets biographiques liés au logement, mais en même temps, elle limite la construction subjective des trajectoires de logement et les processus d’auto-affirmation individuels à partir de celles-ci.This article analyzes the individuation processes of beneficiaries of the Program “Fondo Solidario de Vivienda”, of the ‘Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo’, from the experience of new homeowners in Lo Espejo. From a case study in “Los Parques” condominium, this article explores the linkage between social programs and self-affirmation processes in housing trajectories, contributing thus to the debate between subjectivity and social policies in Chile. The analysis of the individuation processes will lead us to affirm that social policy constitutes a vital support in the consolidation of the biographical projects linked to housing, but at the same time, limits the subjective construction of the housing trajectories and the self-affirmation processes that emerge from them.O presente artigo analisa os processos de individuação dos beneficiários do Programa "Fondo Solidario de Vivienda", do Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo, com a experiência das novas proprietárias em Lo Espejo. A partir de um estudo de caso em o condomínio "Los Parques", este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a articulação entre programas sociais e os processos de auto-afirmação em trajetórias habitacionais, contribuindo então para o debate entre subjetividade e políticas sociais no Chile. A análise dos processos de individuação nos levará a afirmar que a política social constitui um apoio fundamental na consolidação dos projetos biográficos ligados à moradia, mas ao mesmo tempo, limita a construção subjetiva das trajetórias de habitação e os processos de auto-afirmação que emergem a partir deles