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As part of the next-generation Compact Advanced Satellite 500 (CAS500) project, CAS500-4 is scheduled to be launched in 2025 focusing on the remote sensing of agriculture and forestry. To obtain quantitative information on vegetation from satellite images, it is necessary to acquire surface reflectance through atmospheric correction. Thus, it is essential to develop an atmospheric correction method suitable for CAS500-4. Since the absorption and scattering characteristics in the atmosphere vary depending on the wavelength, it is needed to analyze the sensitivity of atmospheric correction parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD) and water vapor (WV) considering the wavelengths of CAS500-4. In addition, as CAS500-4 has only five channels (blue, green, red, red edge, and near-infrared), making it difficult to directly calculate key parameters for atmospheric correction, external parameter data should be used. Therefore, this study performed a sensitivity analysis of the key parameters (AOD, WV, and O3) using the simulated images based on Sentinel-2 satellite data, which has similar wavelength specifications to CAS500-4, and examined the possibility of using the products of GEOKOMPSAT-2A (GK2A) as atmospheric parameters. The sensitivity analysis showed that AOD was the most important parameter with greater sensitivity in visible channels than in the near-infrared region. In particular, since AOD change of 20% causes about a 100% error rate in the blue channel surface reflectance in forests, a highly reliable AOD is needed to obtain accurate surface reflectance. The atmospherically corrected surface reflectance based on the GK2A AOD and WV was compared with the Sentinel-2 L2A reflectance data through the separability index of the known land cover pixels. The result showed that two corrected surface reflectance had similar Seperability index (SI) values, the atmospheric corrected surface reflectance based on the GK2A AOD showed higher SI than the Sentinel-2 L2A reflectance data in short-wavelength channels. Thus, it is judged that the parameters provided by GK2A can be fully utilized for atmospheric correction of the CAS500-4. The research findings will provide a basis for atmospheric correction of the CAS500-4 in the future. ?? This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

A MicroRNA Linking Human Positive Selection and Metabolic Disorders

Postponed access: the file will be accessible after 2021-10-14Positive selection in Europeans at the 2q21.3 locus harboring the lactase gene has been attributed to selection for the ability of adults to digest milk to survive famine in ancient times. However, the 2q21.3 locus is also associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes in humans, raising the possibility that additional genetic elements in the locus may have contributed to evolutionary adaptation to famine by promoting energy storage, but which now confer susceptibility to metabolic diseases. We show here that the miR-128-1 microRNA, located at the center of the positively selected locus, represents a crucial metabolic regulator in mammals. Antisense targeting and genetic ablation of miR-128-1 in mouse metabolic disease models result in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of high-fat-diet-induced obesity and markedly improved glucose tolerance. A thrifty phenotype connected to miR-128-1-dependent energy storage may link ancient adaptation to famine and modern metabolic maladaptation associated with nutritional overabundance.acceptedVersio

Discovery of Q203, a potent clinical candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis

New therapeutic strategies are needed to combat the tuberculosis pandemic and the spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) forms of the disease, which remain a serious public health challenge worldwide1, 2. The most urgent clinical need is to discover potent agents capable of reducing the duration of MDR and XDR tuberculosis therapy with a success rate comparable to that of current therapies for drug-susceptible tuberculosis. The last decade has seen the discovery of new agent classes for the management of tuberculosis3, 4, 5, several of which are currently in clinical trials6, 7, 8. However, given the high attrition rate of drug candidates during clinical development and the emergence of drug resistance, the discovery of additional clinical candidates is clearly needed. Here, we report on a promising class of imidazopyridine amide (IPA) compounds that block Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by targeting the respiratory cytochrome bc1 complex. The optimized IPA compound Q203 inhibited the growth of MDR and XDR M. tuberculosis clinical isolates in culture broth medium in the low nanomolar range and was efficacious in a mouse model of tuberculosis at a dose less than 1 mg per kg body weight, which highlights the potency of this compound. In addition, Q203 displays pharmacokinetic and safety profiles compatible with once-daily dosing. Together, our data indicate that Q203 is a promising new clinical candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis

Investigation of Cognitive Flexibility in Bilinguals Modulated by L2 Proficiency and Age of Acquisition

Bilingual advantage in cognition is a topic of debate in the field of psycholinguistics. Many studies report bilingual advantage in executive functions (EF) associated with goal-maintenance, distractor-inhibition, and task-switching. However, the field remains unclear with increased reports of contrasting results. Here, we take a multidimensional approach by accounting for second language (L2) proficiency and age of L2 acquisition. In the Stroop switching task, color words were presented in congruent (e.g., RED written in red ink) or incongruent conditions (e.g., RED written in green ink). Different cues required participants to either name the color or read the word. The two tasks were presented in randomized order, requiring participants to actively switch between the tasks. Main effect was reported for the congruency condition and trial transitions. While we initially hypothesized that bilinguals would outperform monolinguals on this task, no significant differences were found between the two language groups. L2 proficiency and age of L2 acquisition did not interact with the results. Limitations and future extensions will be discussed with the consideration of more homogenized bilingual and monolingual groups and controlling for other factors that may confound the bilingual experience. Despite the lack of significant findings, current findings contribute to the field’s current debate on the existence of bilingual advantage

The Effect of Marketing and R&D Relationship Formation on Firm Performance Risk

In today's highly competitive and dynamic global market environment, firms are facing risks associated with their performance in the market. In response, forming various alliances is becoming increasingly common as a means to access various complementary resources and thus reduce firm performance risks. While the existing marketing literature emphasizes balancing value creation and value appropriation to reduce firm performance risks, this study attempts to extend this stream of research by investigating the implication of specializing in either one. Specifically, this study investigates the effects on firm performance risk of specializing alliances in R&D or marketing, whereby innovation reflects value creation activities and marketing reflects value appropriation activities, such as sales or promotion. We examine how a firm's internal investment specialization in either innovation or marketing moderates the effect of alliance specialization in either R&D or marketing on firm performance risk. We further examine the moderating effect of industry dynamism. To analyze the suggested hypotheses, we collected alliance and financial information of firms in the high-tech industries between 1985 and 2005 from various secondary data sources. Contrary to the previous emphasis on the superior benefits of balancing innovation and marketing, this study reveals boundary conditions under which specializing both internal investments and alliance formation in either innovation or marketing can generate a positive interaction for the firm profitability. We also find that alliance specialization in marketing helps companies control firm performance risk in dynamic industrial environment.throughout the NPD process. The implications, limitations and future studies based on the current study are discussed.ope