200 research outputs found

    From Pension Reform to Regime Crisis: The Social Movement of 2023 in France

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    International audienc

    Représentation du travail et représentativité syndicale aux marges du salariat : le cas de la distribution directe

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    La rĂ©forme de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© syndicale permet-elle de lutter contre l’institutionnalisation des syndicats ? L’article s’interroge sur cette attente, qui se retrouve autant chez les acteurs de la rĂ©forme que chez les spĂ©cialistes du syndicalisme. En Ă©tudiant un secteur professionnel de constitution rĂ©cente, la distribution directe, il montre que la rĂ©forme ne saurait rĂ©pondre Ă  un problĂšme incorrectement formulĂ©. L’institutionnalisation des syndicats est en effet un processus contradictoire, qui dissocie autant qu’il relie les salariĂ©s Ă  leurs reprĂ©sentants. Cette prĂ©cision conduit Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de la rĂ©forme de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© syndicale de maniĂšre plus nuancĂ©e. La mobilisation des rĂšgles de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© dans les deux entreprises Ă©tudiĂ©es montre que les effets de la rĂ©forme en termes de syndicalisation s’avĂšrent ambivalents. Le nouveau rĂ©gime de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© ne garantit pas davantage un contrĂŽle plus Ă©troit des salariĂ©s sur leurs reprĂ©sentants. Il accroĂźt en revanche l’interdĂ©pendance des arĂšnes de branche et d’entreprise, en tant que celle-lĂ  est dĂ©sormais connectĂ©e Ă  celles-ci via la procĂ©dure Ă©lective.Is the reform of union representativeness a solution to the problem of union institutionalization? The article addresses that question, raised by the reform as well as by labour specialists. Through the study of the newly built branch of leaflet distribution, it is shown that the reform cannot solve a problem which is incorrectly set. Union institutionalization is, indeed, a contradictory process, which separates as much as it links together workers and their representatives. This precision leads us to study the impact of the reform of union representativeness in a more nuanced way. The mobilization of the rules of representativeness in the two firms under study shows that the reform has ambivalent effects in terms of unionization. The new regime of representativeness doesn’t guarantee a control of workers over their representatives any tighter. However, it reinforces the interplay between the branch and firms respective arenas, which are now connected through the electoral process

    Work Representation and Union Representativeness on the Frontier of Wage Earning:

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    Is the reform of union representativeness a solution to the problem of union institutionalization? The article addresses this question, which has been raised by those who participated in the reform as well as by labour specialists. Through the study of the newly built branch [branche professionnelle, an industry-wide collective bargaining unit] of the direct distribution of printed material, it is shown that the reform cannot solve a problem which is incorrectly formulated. Union institutionalization is, indeed, a contradictory process, which separates workers and their representatives just as much as it links them together. This precision leads us to study the impact of the reform of union representativeness in a more nuanced way. The mobilization of the rules of representativeness in the two firms under study shows that the reform has ambivalent effects in terms of unionization. The new regime of representativeness does not guarantee any tighter control by workers over their representatives. However, it reinforces the interdependence between the respective arenas of the professional branch and the firm which are now connected through the electoral process.La rĂ©forme de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© syndicale permet-elle de lutter contre l’institutionnalisation des syndicats ? L’article s’interroge sur cette attente, qui se retrouve autant chez les acteurs de la rĂ©forme que chez les spĂ©cialistes du syndicalisme. En Ă©tudiant un secteur professionnel de constitution rĂ©cente, la distribution directe, il montre que la rĂ©forme ne saurait rĂ©pondre Ă  un problĂšme incorrectement formulĂ©. L’institutionnalisation des syndicats est en effet un processus contradictoire, qui dissocie autant qu’il relie les salariĂ©s Ă  leurs reprĂ©sentants. Cette prĂ©cision conduit Ă  Ă©tudier l’impact de la rĂ©forme de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© syndicale de maniĂšre plus nuancĂ©e. La mobilisation des rĂšgles de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© dans les deux entreprises Ă©tudiĂ©es montre que les effets de la rĂ©forme en termes de syndicalisation s’avĂšrent ambivalents. Le nouveau rĂ©gime de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© ne garantit pas davantage un contrĂŽle plus Ă©troit des salariĂ©s sur leurs reprĂ©sentants. Il accroĂźt en revanche l’interdĂ©pendance des arĂšnes de branche et d’entreprise, en tant que celle-lĂ  est dĂ©sormais connectĂ©e Ă  celles-ci via la procĂ©dure Ă©lective

    Comprendre la construction sociale de la représentativité syndicale

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    Depuis l’institution de la « Mesure d’audience de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© syndicale » (Mars) en 2008, les suffrages des salariĂ©s conditionnent la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© lĂ©gale des syndicats et la validitĂ© des accords collectifs. Les rĂ©sultats de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© syndicale et leur construction, sur le plan national interprofessionnel, ont Ă©tĂ© beaucoup commentĂ©s, la victoire de la CFDT sur la CGT Ă©tant considĂ©rĂ©e comme un bouleversement profond du champ syndical. On s’est peu intĂ©ressĂ© Ă  la situation dans les branches professionnelles. Or une analyse Ă  cette Ă©chelle apporte un Ă©clairage original. D’une part, elle souligne la rupture entre le nouveau dispositif de quantification et les pratiques antĂ©rieures de recueil et d’analyse des donnĂ©es des Ă©lections professionnelles. C’est en effet au niveau des branches que la spĂ©cificitĂ© des rĂ©sultats issus de Mars, qui agrĂšge des donnĂ©es Ă©lectorales hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, est la plus visible. D’autre part, l’analyse donne Ă  voir un paysage syndical plus complexe que celui qui ressort de la mesure d’audience interprofessionnelle. Le pluralisme est bien plus riche dans les branches, mĂȘme si les rĂ©sultats confirment la suprĂ©matie du couple CGT-CFDT, sans que la CFDT ne se dĂ©tache vĂ©ritablement de sa rivale.Since 2008, employees’ votes have determined both the legal representativeness of trade unions and their influence in collective bargaining. Discussions on the representativeness of trade unions have focused on the national, cross-industry level, while the situation at the level of sectoral branches has been less studied. Yet, analysing the construction of trade unions’ representativeness in sectoral branches is interesting for two reasons. Firstly, it allows us to point out how the new system differs from previous statistical data based on workplace elections. Indeed, the sectoral level illustrates best the composite nature of the new system of quantification. Secondly, it gives an overview of the field of certified representative trade unions that is more complex than the landscape at the national, cross-industry level. Pluralism is greater within branches, even though results confirm the predominance of two organisations, the CGT and the CFDT. The latter does not stand out from its rival, contrary to what a hasty reading of the global audience would suggest

    From Pension Reform to Regime Crisis: The Social Movement of 2023 in France

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    Quand la loi entre dans les moeurs. Le nouveau droit de la représentativité syndicale (loi du 20 août 2008) et ses implications dans les entreprises et les branches professionnelles

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    278 pagesInscrite dans le prolongement direct d'une recherche collective menĂ©e en 2010, cette deuxiĂšme Ă©tude sur les implications de la loi du 20 aoĂ»t 2008 (complĂ©tĂ©e par celle du 15 octobre 2010 pour les salariĂ©s des trĂšs petites entreprises) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e alors que s'achĂšve le premier cycle des Ă©lections professionnelles organisĂ©es sous le nouveau rĂ©gime de reprĂ©sentativitĂ©. L'enquĂȘte a portĂ© Ă  la fois sur le niveau des branches, sur la situation des PME-PMI et sur l'adaptation des structures territoriales interprofessionnelles des syndicats Ă  cette nouvelle donne (avec la prĂ©paration notamment des Ă©lections TPE)

    La loi du 20 août 2008 et ses implications sur les pratiques syndicales en entreprise : sociologie des appropriations pratiques d'un nouveau dispositif juridique

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    L'objet de cette recherche a consistĂ© Ă  s'intĂ©resser aux usages du nouveau dispositif de reprĂ©sentativitĂ© instituĂ© par la loi du 20 aoĂ»t 2008. Il ne s'agissait pas de lister des " effets ", mais de comprendre la façon dont les acteurs au sein de l'entreprise s'approprient ces rĂšgles et adaptent leurs pratiques Ă  des contraintes nouvelles (comme l'obligation de franchir le seuil de 10% des suffrages exprimĂ©s aux Ă©lections professionnelles). A partir d'Ă©tudes de cas permettant de restituer le contexte propre Ă  chaque entreprise (type d'activitĂ©, situation Ă©conomique, climat social, etc.), trois axes problĂ©matiques ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©s : la loi contribue-t-elle Ă  simplifier le paysage syndical ? Favorise-t-elle, en raison d'un nĂ©cessaire renforcement de la lĂ©gitimitĂ© Ă©lectorale, une transformation des pratiques syndicales dans l'entreprise ? Encourage-t-elle au dialogue social ? La recherche repose sur la rĂ©alisation de douze monographies dans de grandes entreprises pluri-Ă©tablissements et mono-Ă©tablissement. Le choix de grandes entreprises est liĂ© au calendrier de l'Ă©tude : menĂ©e sur douze mois Ă  partir de janvier 2010, l'enquĂȘte a dĂ©butĂ© peu aprĂšs les premiĂšres transcriptions pratiques de la loi

    Leisure‐time physical activity and sarcopenia among older adults from low‐ and middle‐income countries

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    Abstract Background There are no data on the association between leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) and sarcopenia in older adults from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to investigate the association between LTPA and sarcopenia in individuals aged ≄65 years living in six LMICs. Methods Cross‐sectional data from the Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia and South Africa) were analysed. Sarcopenia referred to the presence of both low skeletal muscle mass and weak handgrip strength. LTPA was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and was analysed as a dichotomized variable [high LTPA (>150 min/week of moderate‐to‐vigorous LTPA) or low LTPA (≀150 min/week)]. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess associations. Results There were 14 585 individuals included in this study [mean (SD) age 72.6 (11.5) years; 55.0% women]. The prevalence of high LTPA and sarcopenia was 8.9% and 12.0%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, low LTPA was significantly associated with higher odds for sarcopenia [prevalence odds ratio (POR) = 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.29–2.65] compared with high LTPA. Significant associations were found in women (POR = 3.22, 95% CI = 1.82–5.68) but not in men (POR = 1.52, 95% CI = 0.99–2.35). Conclusions A positive and significant association between low LTPA and sarcopenia was found among older adults from LMICs. The promotion of LTPA among older adults in LMICs may aid in the prevention of sarcopenia, especially among females, pending future longitudinal research

    Neuropsychological Adverse Drug Reactions to Remdesivir: Results from the WHO International Pharmacovigilance Database

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    OBJECTIVE: Although remdesivir (GS-5734) has recently demonstrated clinical benefits against the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), neuropsychological adverse reactions (ADRs) remain to be examined in real-world settings. Therefore, we aimed to identify and characterize the neuropsychological ADRs associated with remdesivir use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained data for this international pharmacovigilance cohort study from individual case safety reports (ICSRs) in a World Health Organization database (VigiBase) from the first report on remdesivir on February 17, 2020, until August 30, 2020 (n=1,403,532). ADRs reported to be relevant to remdesivir were compared with the full database by using a Bayesian neural network method to calculate the information component (IC). RESULTS: A total of 2,107 reported cases of neuropsychological ADRs suspected to be associated with remdesivir were identified from among all ICSRs in the database during the observation period. Although 108 neuropsychological ADRs (64 neurologic events and 44 psychologic events) were reported in association with the medication, no statistically significant pharmacovigilance signal could be detected; the IC025 value was negative for all of the neuropsychological dysfunctions (anxiety [n=13, 0.62%], seizures [n=12, 0.57%], lethargy [n=6, 0.28%], agitation [n=5, 0.25%], cerebral infarction [n=3, 0.14%], ischemic stroke [n=3, 0.14%], and hemiparesis [n=3, 0.14%]). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that remdesivir, a novel drug applied to the treatment of COVID-19, does not have a significant association with adverse neurologic or psychiatric reactions in the real-world setting

    A Subset of Latency-Reversing Agents Expose HIV-Infected Resting CD4âș T-Cells to Recognition by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes

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    Resting CD4âș T-cells harboring inducible HIV proviruses are a critical reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated subjects. These cells express little to no viral protein, and thus neither die by viral cytopathic effects, nor are efficiently cleared by immune effectors. Elimination of this reservoir is theoretically possible by combining latency-reversing agents (LRAs) with immune effectors, such as CD8âș T-cells. However, the relative efficacy of different LRAs in sensitizing latently-infected cells for recognition by HIV-specific CD8âș T-cells has not been determined. To address this, we developed an assay that utilizes HIV-specific CD8âș T-cell clones as biosensors for HIV antigen expression. By testing multiple CD8âș T-cell clones against a primary cell model of HIV latency, we identified several single agents that primed latently-infected cells for CD8âș T-cell recognition, including IL-2, IL-15, two IL-15 superagonists (IL-15SA and ALT-803), prostratin, and the TLR-2 ligand Pam₃CSK₄. In contrast, we did not observe CD8âș T-cell recognition of target cells following treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors or with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). In further experiments we demonstrate that a clinically achievable concentration of the IL-15 superagonist ‘ALT-803’, an agent presently in clinical trials for solid and hematological tumors, primes the natural ex vivo reservoir for CD8âș T-cell recognition. Thus, our results establish a novel experimental approach for comparative evaluation of LRAs, and highlight ALT-803 as an LRA with the potential to synergize with CD8âș T-cells in HIV eradication strategies.United States. National Institutes of Health (AI111860
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