A formação de professores: perspectiva histórica e concepções

This work focuses on the theme of teacher training, considering fundamentally the relationship between the history of the school and training concepts that have been formulated by reason of the social demands who presented themselves to this institution. In this perspective, based on studies of Marcílio (2005) and Varela (1995), show the impact of Jesuit education and the origin of the school institution in our country, in the organization of our schools, the complaints made in this type of education and teacher training conceptions that come these criticisms. Refers to studies of Schön (1998) which propitiate the debate around a reflexive approach to training, and researchers in the field of training, notably Contreras (2002), Libâneo (2002), Pepper (2002) and Gomez (1995) that recommend reflective critical teacher training. In the final considerations, alternatives are indicated of critical-reflexive education activities, by considering the teacher training, initial and continued.Este trabalho enfoca o tema da formação de professores, considerando, fundamentalmente, a re-lação existente entre a história da instituição escolar e as concepções de formação que foram sendo formu-ladas em razão das demandas sociais que se apresentavam a essa instituição. Nessa perspectiva, com base nos estudos de Marcílio (2005) e Varela (1995), apresenta as repercussões do ensino jesuítico, que marca a origem da instituição escolar em nosso país, na organização de nossas escolas, as críticas formuladas a esse tipo de ensino e as concepções de formação de professor que advieram dessas críticas. Recorre aos estudos de Schön (1998), que propiciam o debate em torno de uma abordagem reflexiva de formação, e de pesquisadores da área da formação, notadamente Contreras (2002), Libâneo (2002), Pimenta (2002) e Gó-mez (1995) que preconizam a formação crítica reflexiva do professor. Nas considerações finais, indicam-se alternativas de atividades de formação crítico-reflexiva, considerando-se a formação inicial e a continuada

A formação de professores e o livro didático: avaliação e controle dos saberes escolares

Este trabalho pretende enfocar o contextohistórico-cultural que justifica o destaque que olivro didático recebe hoje nas instituições escolaresdo Brasil. Com esse objetivo apresentamos,inicialmente, um breve panorama dos processosde formação de professores que marcaram emarcam a história educacional deste país, pois énossa convicção de que a crescente produção delivro didático no Brasil associa-se com a formaçãode educadores no âmbito da formação inicial econtinuada. Na segunda parte, apresentamos umpanorama histórico, expondo uma experiênciaestatal de avaliação de livros didáticos produzidosno país, mobilizados pelo objetivo de demonstrarem que medida esse processo avaliativo contribuipara o aprimoramento da qualidade de ensinooferecido às camadas populares.Palavras-chave: Formação do professor; Texto escolar; PolíticaEducacional

A complex of rab3A, SNAP-25, VAMP/synaptobrevin-2 and syntaxins in brain presynaptic terminals

AbstractTwo monoclonal antibodies (SPM-1 and SPM-2) immunoprecipitate brain N-type calcium channels. On immunoaffinity chromatography of digitonin extracts of bovine brain membranes on SPM-1- and SPM-2-Sepharose, proteins of 36 (syntaxins A and B), 28 and 19 kDa are specifically retained by both columns. Here we show that the 19 and 28 kDa bands contain VAMP/synaptobrevin-2, and rab3A/smg25A and SNAP-25, respectively. Since SPM-1 and SPM-2 recognize only syntaxins and the 28 kDa band (rab3A/smg25A and SNAP-25), respectively, the results indicate that all these proteins form a complex. Our results suggest tight linkage between the components involved in neurotransmitter release

General anesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy with Brugada electrocardiograph pattern

Brugada syndrome is characterized by an electrocardiograph pattern of right bundle-branch block and has an increased risk for cardiac arrest due to malignant arrhythmia. We describe the successful anesthetic management for electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with Brugada electrocardiograph pattern. Patients with Brugada ECG pattern are not recommended to use neostigmine which augments ST elevation. Sugammadex was administered as a neuromuscular reversal agent in this case. Sugammadex provides rapid reversal of profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade under propofol anesthesia

Abstracts

Tradução, para a língua inglesa, dos resumos dos artigos publicados nesta edição

Postoperative assessment after AVR and TAVI

Background and aims : Severe aortic stenosis (AS) has been normally treated with surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) whereas recently, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been introduced as a minimally invasive operation for patients with high surgical risk and frailty. In this study, we have evaluated postoperative physical function and nutrition intake in the patients following AVR and TAVI. Methods : This prospective observational study involved 9 patients with surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) and 7 patients with transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Body composition was measured one day prior surgery, postoperative day (POD) 1, POD 3, POD 5 and POD 7. Hand grip strength, calf circumference and gait speed were measured one day before surgery and on the day of discharge. Results : Skeletal muscle was significantly decreased in AVR patients at postoperative day 3 and 7, while there was no change in TAVI patients. Patients with TAVI showed higher dietary intake after surgery compared to patients with AVR, and they maintained hand grip strength and calf circumference at discharge. Conclusions : In elderly patients with AS, TAVI can improve post-operative recovery maintaining nutritional status and physical function even

Unstable bodyweight and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis

Aims/IntroductionThe present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the association of unstable bodyweight with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, an association that has been controversial among longitudinal studies.Materials and MethodsAn electronic literature search using EMBASE and MEDLINE was followed up to 31 August 2016. The relative risks (RRs) of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with unstable bodyweight were pooled using the inverse variance method.ResultsEight studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. The median duration of measurements of weight change and follow-up years for ascertaining type 2 diabetes mellitus were 13.5 and 9.4 years, respectively. The pooled RR for the least vs most stable category was 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.12–1.57). Between-study heterogeneity was statistically significant (P = 0.048). Whether type 2 diabetes mellitus was ascertained by blood testing explained 66.0% of the variance in the logarithm of RR (P = 0.02). In three studies in which blood testing was carried out, type 2 diabetes mellitus risk was not significant (RR 1.06, 95% confidence interval 0.91–1.25). Furthermore, publication bias that inflated type 2 diabetes mellitus risk was statistically detected by Egger\u27s test (P = 0.09).ConclusionsUnstable bodyweight might be modestly associated with the elevated risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus; although serious biases, such as diagnostic suspicion bias and publication bias, made it difficult to assess this association

Quantitative Relationship Between Cumulative Risk Alleles Based on Genome-Wide Association Studies and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Many epidemiological studies have assessed the genetic risk of having undiagnosed or of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on findings of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, the quantitative association of cumulative risk alleles (RAs) of such SNPs with T2DM risk has been unclear. The aim of this meta-analysis is to review the strength of the association between cumulative RAs and T2DM risk. Systematic literature searches were conducted for cross-sectional or longitudinal studies that examined odds ratios (ORs) for T2DM in relation to genetic profiles. Logarithm of the estimated OR (log OR) of T2DM for 1 increment in RAs carried (1-ΔRA) in each study was pooled using a random-effects model. There were 46 eligible studies that included 74,880 cases among 249,365 participants. In 32 studies with a cross-sectional design, the pooled OR for T2DM morbidity for 1-ΔRA was 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–1.19). In 15 studies that had a longitudinal design, the OR for incident T2DM was 1.10 (95% CI, 1.08–1.13). There was large heterogeneity in the magnitude of log OR (P < 0.001 for both cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies). The top 10 commonly used genes significantly explained the variance in the log OR (P = 0.04 for cross-sectional studies; P = 0.006 for longitudinal studies). The current meta-analysis indicated that carrying 1-ΔRA in T2DM-associated SNPs was associated with a modest risk of prevalent or incident T2DM, although the heterogeneity in the used genes among studies requires us to interpret the results with caution

A case of placenta percreta with massive hemorrhage during cesarean section

We describe a case of a 39-year-old woman diagnosed with placenta percreta complicated by massive hemorrhage during a cesarean section. At 27 weeks of gestation, she underwent an emergency cesarean section under general anesthesia for vaginal bleeding and an intrauterine infection. Soon after delivery, a massive hemorrhage was encountered while attempting to separate the placenta percreta from the bladder wall. Although total abdominal hysterectomy and partial cystectomy were performed, massive hemorrhaging persisted. Bleeding was finally controlled following bilateral internal iliac artery embolization. We used a cell salvage device and a rapid infuser for hemodynamics stabilization. Total blood loss was 47,000 mL, and anesthesia time was 12 h and 47 min. The patient was discharged on the 32nd postoperative day without major complications. Placenta accreta can be associated with life-threatening hemorrhage and it is vital to plan accordingly preoperatively